Interpersonal and written communication techniques Essay

Lip-reading: One skill that I have not fully develop to make me more employable in the I.T industry is the lip reading technique. Lip reading is the movement of lips and tongue; body language and facial expressions add to this technique, as it helps you to lip read better. With this technique I learnt that you have to look at the way a person stresses their speech, the rhythm and phrasing when trying to lip read. A good thing that I find about lip reading is that it provides a method of communication for deafened people. However, I found it quite difficult to lip read, because you have to pay full attention and look at lip shape and movement at all times, preventing me from concentrating. This technique is useful because it is a means of communication for the severely or totally deafened people. I also found this technique difficult to use because not all words are easy to read, some people mumble or even covered their hands when they were talking. This prevented me to lip read exactly what they say. I can further improve on this technique, by practising it over and over again, as it takes time and patience. Through this I will also be improving my confidence and strengthening my communication ability. Body language: I have developed my method of body language to make myself more employable to the i.t industry. Body language is the non-verbal signals as a method of communication through stance, gestures, facial expression etc. It also builds better relationships at home or at school. Some people may find it difficult to use body language in order to communicate, because they might find it hard to understand their gestures or facial expressions to convey what they are trying to say. This technique is useful and important in order to send the right message and to be able to read the signals the other person is sending back. Spoken communication is essential, as well as body language and facial expressions. By giving of natural body language, you are  showing that you are paying complete attention to what the employer is saying. Barriers to communication: I have develop the skill of barriers to communications. I developed this by making sure that I did not make the audience bored with my presentation. I did this by projecting my voice, so that it was loud and clear for the audience to hear and understand. Also, I made sure that my mobile phone was switched off, to avoid any distractions whilst presenting my presentation. This is a good skill to have because when communicating because when in a Conversation you are showing that you are paying full attention to everything they are saying. Positive language: I have developed the skill of using positive gesture. For example, having a smile on my face can make the other person feel more comfortable with what they are trying to say. I have also been using a genuine, formal tone of voice when addressing my peers, which makes me come across as someone with a positive attitude. I used ‘nodding’ as a form of positive language when someone was talking or explaining something to me. This shows that I am in agreement with what they are trying to say. In some conversations I may have summarised what they said to show that I have been listening to what they have said. Negative language: I have developed the skill to avoid using negative language with the improvement in my positive language. The use of negative language when communication with another person can make them feel really uncomfortable, this may also make them not want to talk to you. I stopped using negative facial expressions, to make myself come across more positively than negatively. I respond to people even if I have no interest in what they are saying. Types of questions: This is one of the skills that I have not improved on. I don’t tend to ask open questions when in a conversation. When I am not interested in a conversation I tend to either say ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to questions. This stops the conversation from flowing and shows my lack of interest. This technique can be improved/developed by avoiding the use of closed questions, because it  may show that you don’t want to be a part of that particular conversation and want it to end by giving dull replies. Speed of response: The speed of response technique depends on what the question or conversation is about. There may be some questions that I might be asked that require time to think to be able to give a clear respond to what they have asked. However, in some particular conversations my speed of response is quite fast, because I am aware of what to say. So, my speed of response depends completely on what the conversation or questions are about. Written communication skills: Capitalisation: A skills that I have improved in written communication is capitalisation. I have improved on this skill by always ensuring that I always use capital letters when writing a letter or important emails as it is essential and makes the letter or email look more professional. Capital letters are use at the start of sentences, names and country names. They are also used abbreviations for UK, USA etc. The idea of capitalisation is to make sure your sentences are clear. They can also be used for emphasis, you could capitalise words within your work and in order to emphasise your opinion. It may be difficult to read over your work to check that you have added capital letters if you are in a rush. Structure: One of the skills that I have not developed in written communication is structure, because I find it time consuming to structure a piece of writing. However, it is important to structure your piece of writing so that it makes sense. You will be able to order your writing in order of importance. Ordering your writing is important, because the reader may not understand your writing. I can further improve on this skills by making sure that I order and structure my work neatly as I go along, instead of leaving to the end, which makes it more time consuming. If I don’t do this then I am making it more difficult for myself trying to figure out what I have written. Smileys: I have improved on this skills, because I am able to use smileys and  emotions, which makes the conversation flow more effectively. However they are only used informally and not it letters. They can change the mood of you’re writing to show what mood you are in. It is also easier to get messages across to the other person. It is easier to show excitement or sarcasm with the use of emotions. They can also be used for advertisements, which can make the poster look more interesting and can easily grab the reader’s attention. However, they are not to be used in letters or in important emails, as it might give a bad impression of you, and you may not be taken seriously. Therefore, it is important to improve on this technique, as you should be aware of when you should or should not use these informal methods of communicating. Proof reading/spelling/grammar: I have not improved on the technique of proof reading my spelling and grammar after writing a letter or email. I think it would be important to improve on this technique as my letter would look more professional. Sending a letter or email that has poor spelling and poor use of grammar, shows your lack of interest and you will not be taken seriously. I can further improve on this technique by taking time out to proof read my work before sending it out. Proof reading my work can make a huge difference, because I will be taken more seriously if my letter is written in a more professional manner. Alternative viewpoints: I have not improved on the technique of giving or taking on board alternative viewpoints. I think it is a good idea to maybe take on board alternative viewpoints given to me by other people, so that I try more than one way of dong certain tasks. I think I can improve on this technique by giving other people my alternative viewpoints. In this way it shows that I have been listening to what the other person has been saying. By taking on board other the viewpoints of other people will help me to improve on my work. However, it may be difficult to grasp, because I rarely ever take on alternative viewpoints. Note taking: I have improved on the technique of note taking since September. I have improved on this skill, as I had started to take notes of important topics discussed during class discussions. Also I have started to highlight the key  facts on the hand-outs that were given to me. So that I focus mainly on the key points. This made it easier for me when it came to revision, because I knew exactly what I had to revise on for the exam. I also annotated the points on the hand outs, so that I am aware of what it means when I come to revise on that topic, as I am able to clearly understand it with extra detail. Guidelines: I have improved on the technique of using guidelines when doing my work. In September when starting my ict btec course, I downloaded the assignment brief for each unit. I always had the assignment brief out whenever I did a task, to help me understand what I have got to do to achieve the task clearly with step to step instructions given of everything I need to add in order to pass the task. Having improved on this technique was useful, because it gave me extra information of what the course is about, the deadlines for each task etc. Using the assignment brief made me more independent as I didn’t need to constantly ask my teacher for help.

The Nuclear Fusion Reactor Engineering Essay

Before any probes are done on reexamining suited stuffs for a atomic merger reactor, a general thought of the atomic merger itself had to be introduced. Nuclear merger is the procedure that is straight opposite of atomic fission[ 1 ]. It is a procedure that fuses two or more atomic karyon together in organizing a larger karyon. The karyon involved here are usually the isotopes of H as it is most executable to pull out energy from the merger of these atoms. This procedure releases enormous sum of energy[ 2 ]and it is believed to hold an energy denseness of three to four times greater than the energy denseness of atomic fission which itself is a million times greater of the energy denseness of chemical reactions. Besides that, atomic merger produced much lesser radioactive waste. ( 1 ) Therefore, merger is a really possible power beginnings that are both economically executable and safe. Besides that, merger fuel is renewable, abundant in nature and cheap ( 2 ) . However, to day of the month, there is non a executable operating commercial atomic merger power works. There are, nevertheless, several experimental merger reactors that are operational but they are non sustainable and therefore non executable at the minute. Inarguably, merger reactor is highly hard to construct. Fusion procedure itself is difficult to accomplish under normal fortunes. Fusion fuses 2 or more positively-charged karyon together and it is non hard to conceive of that the energy required to convey the karyon together is really big as the repulsive force force between two indistinguishable charged atoms is reciprocally relative to the square of the distance of the atoms[ 3 ]( 3 ) . In order to originate a merger procedure, it is required to heat the mixture of deuterium-deuterium ( DD ) or deuterium-tritium[ 4 ]( DT ) up to a temperature of non lower than 100 million Kelvin for the karyon to come near adequate to each other and fuse. At these temperatures, the H will be in a wholly ionised province known as plasma. ( 4 ) Presently, there are two ways to accomplish the temperature necessary for the atomic merger to take topographic point. They are, viz. , magnetic parturiency method and inertial parturiency method. Magnetic parturiency merger reactor uses magnetic and electric Fieldss to restrict the isotopes and heat them up to the needed temperature. Inertial parturiency merger reactor, on the other manus, uses optical maser beam or ion beams to heat up the plasma. ( 5 ) For the intent of this literature reappraisal, the magnetic parturiency method will be investigated as this method is considered as more dependable and hence, it is more extremely developed ( 6 ) . Among the magnetic parturiency merger experimental curates, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ( ITER ) will be peculiarly investigated together with Joint European Torus ( JET ) as the back uping probe. This is because ITER is the replacement of JET and ITER is presently the universes ‘ largest tokamak[ 5 ]atomic merger reactor which purpose to move as a operation and prolonging magnetic parturiency merger power works bring forthing net energy of 9 times the power its consume[ 6 ]( 7 ) . This is known to be the biggest graduated table of the merger reactor so far in the universe where the merger reactor will hold a really high energy generation and sustained burn. Upon the successful demonstration/experimentation in ITER, a all-out merger reactor will be able to be con structed on a larger graduated table based on the rule of ITER and benefits the world. Therefore, it is instead relevant to look into the potency of ITER in this reappraisal as if ITER is successfully built and demonstrated, a full graduated table power station that map wholly based on atomic merger can be produced. The building of ITER is still undergoing and expected to be completed in 2019.Objectives & A ; MotivationsThe aims of this literature reappraisal are to reexamine and take different stuffs that are suited in the building of the atomic merger reactor specific for ITER based on literatures available. In constructing a atomic merger reactor, different facets will hold to be considered and investigated as the standard for constructing a atomic merger power works is non easy satisfied. These will be farther discussed in this reappraisal. Therefore, in order to fulfill the different standards and different facets, different stuffs and their belongingss will hold to be consider ed before any choice is done. The motive of this literature reappraisal is based on the feasibleness and the limitless capablenesss of a atomic merger reactor. It is expected that non-renewable resources which are chiefly natural fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas would be depleted by 2100. The present civilisation are mostly based on oil and gas in energy coevals and production and therefore by 2100, if alternate beginnings are non sought after, so the present civilisation would fall in due to the energy deficit ( 8 ) . Nuclear merger power works, a really promising energy beginning, is being investigated by the scientists and applied scientists as one of the alternate beginnings of energy upon depletion of fossil fuels. Nuclear merger power works would non potentially let go of C dioxide ( CO2 ) as pollutant to the ambiance therefore will non be lending to planetary heating. Fusion fuels are besides abundant in nature as heavy hydrogen and tritium can be easy obtained from saltwater and Li[ 7 ]easy. If all heavy hydrogen in one liter of H2O is used to blend with tritium, the energy produced by this will be tantamount to the combustion of 340 liters of gasoline ( 9 ) . Contrary to atomic fission, atomic merger leaves minimal or none of the radioactive waste. Contrary to atomic fission as good, the atomic merger power works have no potency of meeting a meltdown[ 8 ]at all and therefore will non do black consequence to the environing environment. For all these advantages, joint attempts from developed states all round the universe are sing atomic merger power works as a possible energy providing and therefore different constructs, proposals and designs had been proposed in order to construct a functional merger reactor. Therefore, it is non difficult to conceive of that the motive of the subject â€Å" Advanced Materials for Fusion Reactors † is wholly based on the fact that merger power works would be to a great extent dependent on in the hereafter if it is succeeded been developed.Components of Nuclear Fusion Reactors2.1 IntroductionThis literature reappraisal will get down with a general debut of the constituents of a magnetic parturiency atomic merger power works and how the power works plants, so will be divided into subdivisions look intoing the major proficient challenges of some constituents inside the reactor. Upon the proficient challenges are determined, the focal point of this reappraisal will be on choosing the stuff belongingss that are suited for the job an d therefore the appropriate stuff measure uping for the peculiar belongings.Magnetic Confinement Fusion Power PlantThere are presently different methods in accomplishing the parturiency of the hot plasma magnetically. Among the most recent and widely method used is Tokamak whereby ITER itself is based on the construct of Tokamak ( 10 ) . This might be due to the fact the Tokamak is the most well-developed magnetic parturiency system at the present phase. Illustration of the magnetic parturiency merger construct Figure: Conventional Diagram of a Tokamak ( 11 ) Figure: Conventional Diagram of the Tokamak in ITER ( 12 ) Figure 1 and Figure 2 both show the conventional diagrams of how a Tokamak will look like. The vacuity vas[ 9 ]on Figure 2 will incorporate plasma and will be the topographic point where the merger reaction will take topographic point. The cover faculty will be screening the vacuity vas from the high-energy neutron and bring forthing tritium for farther merger procedure ( 13 ) . The toroidal field spiral and poloidal field spiral[ 10 ]are responsible to make a magnetic field in perpendicular and horizontal way to restrict the hot plasma and maintain the plasma off from the wall ( 14 ) . The cardinal solenoid will on the other manus bring on the current in the fuel that will ionize the H fuel organizing the plasma, heat up the plasma to about one tierce of the temperature required by merger[ 11 ]( 14 ) and besides shape the magnetic field in the divertor part ( 15 ) . The divertor maps as an ‘exhaust ‘ to pull out heat from the merger reaction every bit good as the waste m erchandise – He ( 16 ) . As mentioned earlier, the merger requires a temperature of over 150 million Kelvin, and hence, the warming produced by plasma current is deficient to heat up the plasma. Therefore, external warming[ 12 ]will be required to heat up the temperature further to the desired 100 million Kelvin. As ITER is an experimental reactor to look into the possibility of a merger reactor, hence, there are besides extended nosologies systems that are installed on the Tokamak to analyze the belongingss of the plasma and the existent perfomance of the ITER ( 18 ) . Finally, the cryostat is responsible to incorporate and back up the whole Tokamak construction. ITER will non be able fo map with the whole Tokamak system entirely. It needs external system to back up it as a functional reactor. As explained above, the plasma will be contained in a vacuity vas and therefore a vacuity system will be needed to pump air out of the vacuity vas to make a status of highly low denseness and force per unit area[ 13 ]( 19 ) . Contrary to atomic fission, atomic merger reaction will merely happen one in a clip inside the tokamak. This means that certain sum of mass of H fuel[ 14 ]is injected into the vacuity vessels one at a clip and let the merger reaction to take topographic point. Therefore, a fuelling system must be used here. Due to the fact that the force per unit area inside the vas is really low and the fuel involved is really little, the merger reaction in ITER clearly will non do any lay waste toing consequence to the environment or the reactor once the reactor goes incorrectly. As the ITER is runing on a really big graduated table, much larger compared to its old version, hence, the magnets[ 15 ]will be heated up really rapidly and therefore is required to be cooled utilizing cryogenic engineering ( 21 ) . Distant handling is besides required in the ITER as it is impossible to make any fix or maintainance in the ITER while the reactor is active ( 22 ) . Like any other power works, ITER will necessitate a chilling system that will be responsible to chill or instead extract any heat released in the procedure ( 23 ) . For ITER, the heat will be dissipated to the milieus as it is an experimental reactor that are non responsible to bring forth electricity. For a real-life reactor, the heat extracted will be used to bring forth steam to turn the turbine which will in bend generate electricity. This would be the precisely same rule as a real-life power reactor. Ultimately, a power supply is required for ITER as it is impossible to bring forth any end product power without initial input power for a merger power works. These will be the chief constituents of a merger reactor. Each constituent will subsequently be investigated seperately together with the pick of stuff for the constituent. The general working rule behind a merger reactor like ITER will be as follow: First, all drosss and air are pump out of the vacuity vass. Fusion fuel will so be allowed to come in the reactor through the fuelling system. The cardinal solenoid will so bring on current to the fuel and inonize it into plasma while heating up the plasma. Simultaneously, the toroidal field spiral and poloidal field spiral will be activated and they will bring forth magnetic gield that will steer the plasma in weaving around the vacuity vas. External warming will farther heat up the temperature of the plasma up to around 150 1000000s Kelvin. The merger procedure will so get down. High-energy neutron will be released and absorbed into the cover. The energy produced by the neutron and the merger reaction will so be absorbed by the go arounding chilling H2O which will so disperse the heat consequently. Any merchandise that are left behind will so be exitting through the divertor.Material Challenges Presented in a Nuclear Fusion ReactorThere are several challenges that had to be faced in constructing a Tokamak type merger reactor. In fact, the challenges can be largely demonstrated on constructing an experimental reactor such as ITER. First and first, the neutron released by the merger reaction has a really high energy of about 14 MeV. Even fission reaction will merely let go of neutron of energy 2 MeV. Therefore, appropriate stuffs must be selected to see such neutron flux and barrage. Such barrage on any stuff will decidedly damage the stuff and induces radiation ( 24 ) . Besides neutron irradiation, the stuff must besides subject to gamma radiation flux and impersonal atom fluxes. Though non obvious, but the nosologies system in the ITER will besides necessitate to defy such rough environment in the vacuity vass ( 18 ) . The cover wall will function multiple intents every bit good. The cover wall needs to be able to bring forth tritium when interacting with the neutron release by merger reaction to farther fuel tritium for following merger ( 25 ) . The first wall of the plasma chamber will necessitate to confront the highly high temperature plasma every bit good. Therefore, it will be subjected to electromagnetic moving ridges of high energy which chiefly are X-rays ( 2 ) and highly high heat burden. Due to extreme heat flux, there might be hazard that stuffs will be evaporated from the divertor and being deposited on the plasma confronting surface ( 26 ) . As the merger power works like ITER use magnetisms to restrict the plasma, it is besides of import to observe that the magnets used in the power works must be of high efficiency. It is suggested that the magnets use here should be ace conducting as the power consumed by a normal magnet to restrict such plasma will be really immense ( 2 ) . As the divertor is responsible to wash up the byproduct of merger, it will hold to digest high heat tonss[ 16 ]and supply the shielding for neutron barrage every bit good ( 27 ) . The cardinal solenoid and poloidal field spirals will bring on a big and fluctuating magnetic field of about 1T at the first wall and 0.2T at the cryostat wall ( 26 ) . The operation of ITER is besides the largest to day of the month which it will necessitate to keep a steady-state operation of more than 1 hr. With that in head, this will be the harshest environment that is yet to be experienced by bing stuffs. Before any choices are done, the readers of this literature reappraisal are advised that the choice of all stuffs are done based on the diaries and the studies done by the ITER forces and applied scientists and their suitableness remains to be confirmed. There are besides some company being suggested by the ITER organisations that are specializing in production of different stuffs for each constituent. Readers that are interested can look up the company. The general choice of the stuffs for cardinal constituents had already been summarised in the Table 4 of Appendix. Full design specification of ITER can besides be viewed at ( 28 ) .General Structural MaterialThe general structural stuff here is the stuff for the in-vessel constituents[ 17 ], the vacuity vass and cryostat. There is a general understanding that the structural stuffs in a merger atomic power works should non bring forth any radioactive merchandises that have a long life clip and the ephemeral radioactive merchandise on the other manus should non do unacceptable safety effects. This is to forestall the volatile radioactive merchandises that might be released into the environment in the event of accidents and to understate the consequence of high decay heat[ 18 ]. This in footings regulations out the possibility of utilizing several debasing elements for steels in ITER. These include Nb, Mo, Co and Ni ( 29 ) . For ITER, the most suited structural stuff would be unstained steel ( SS ) . The class selected here would be type 316L ( N ) -IGX[ 19 ]austenitic SS. The steel selected here had many belongingss that are first-class for the ITER constructions. Among the belongingss are equal mechanical belongingss, good opposition to corrosion, able to be welded, forged, and casted[ 20 ], industrially available can be easy manufactured, much less sensitive to radiation embrittlement ( 32 ) . The austenitic SS here is besides well-known for its extended database and acceptable radiation harm opposition. Although some lessening in ductileness might happen due to irradiation at temperature of 275-375A °C, but this is sufficient for ITER operation ( 32 ) . The austenitic SS proposed for cryostat would be 304L. Although the steel is being selected, there are certain demands for the contents of the steel that must be satisfied. For a merger reactor, activated Co ( Co ) is really important in lending radiation dosage. Therefore, the decrease of Co content in all the chromium steel steel used to 0.05 % can cut down the activation of the constituents ( 30 ) . Besides Co, Nb would bring forth durable radioisotopes that will post a job in waste direction and decommissioning. For 316L ( N ) -IG SS, Nb is present as hint component. It is of import to cut down Nb content in the steel to 0.01 % ( 30 ) . Although the stuff for shielding of the chief vacuity vass will be SS 316L ( N ) -IG, the shielding of the primary vass[ 21 ]can be done utilizing SS 30467 with 2 % B[ 22 ]and the stuff for ferromagnetic shielding[ 23 ]can be done utilizing SS 430 ( 31 ) in the vacuity vas. Besides the general construction, the stuff of nickel-based-alloy keys and bolts[ 24 ]used must be investigated here every bit good. The general stuff for cardinal and bolts would be Inconel 718 ( 30 ) . The pick of stuff here is due to the fact that Inconel 718 has high strength, stamina and weariness opposition and it is widely used in atomic industry and commercially available ( 32 ) . The expected neutron irradiation experienced by the bolt would be 0.5 dpa, under such status, the strength of Inconel 718 will increase together with a little lessening in ductileness but it will non impact the overall constituent unity over its life-time. However, the low coefficient of thermic enlargement of Inconel 718 must be taken into consideration ( 33 ) .The BlanketAs mentioned in Section 2.3, the cover is a really of import constituent in ITER. The cover will hold to fulfill the undermentioned demand: To defy the high heat burden due to its close contact with the plasma. To retrieve tritium and to engender tritium fuel for new merger reaction. To supply thermic screening to the vas. To supply screening from neutron barrage and bring forth a little sum of radioactive waste. To retrieve heat by provide sufficient cooling/heat money changers. To protect the magnet spiral from the atomic radiation. In a merger reactor like ITER, the cover system is farther divided into 2 parts, viz. the first wall as the first bed of protection, and the cover as the shielding and tritium genteelness. Most of the neutron produced by the merger will go through through the first wall and are absorbed in the cover and the shield ( 2 ) . Therefore, the cover will be responsible to capture these neutrons while pull outing their energy and besides breed new tritium to replace tritium used in the merger procedure. The heat sink besides exists here to let heat exchange to take topographic point. On the other manus, the first wall will supply screening for tritium and in the ITER, it will be the most tritium-contaminated device ( 27 ) . The first wall is besides responsible to screen the constituent behind it from the direct contact with plasma. Therefore, the first wall should be able to defy the corrosion resulted from the plasma when they are in contact with one another. Besides, for the intent of eas y care, the cover wall is modular. The full cover parametric quantity is listed in Table 1 as shown below: Table: Blanket Parameter for ITER ( 500 MW merger reactor ) ( 27 ) Beryllium ( Be ) is the first pick of stuff for the tiles of the first wall. This is because of the undermentioned belongingss: low plasma taint, ability to defy big figure of perpendicular supplanting events ( 34 ) , low radiative power losingss, good O gettering provided that heat burden is non sufficient to vaporize Be, low tritium stock list[ 25 ]( 35 ) , absence of chemical spluttering, low atomic figure, the possibility of in situ fix of the harm faculties by plasma spray, first-class neutron and energy generation. The class of Beryllium selected is S-65C VHP due to its low content of metallic dross, high neutron irradiation opposition, high thermic weariness opposition, high elevated temperature ductileness and low cycling thermic weariness ( 30 ) . However, the chief job of Be are toxicity and handiness ( 25 ) . The toxicity will non be an issue[ 26 ]here and sing the handiness, Be can ever be reprocessed upon the terminal of the life clip of the reactor for new reactor. There is available engineering and processs to manage Be at current minute and the reprocessing is executable. The existent ingestion of Be will non be much of a concern. Other than that, there is a chief concern that the brickle break of Be is noticed when it is tested under low irradiation temperature[ 27 ]( 30 ) . Such embrittlement at low temperature could take to the brickle failure of the faculties. Additional R & A ; D is needed to analyze the break mechanics of S-65C VHP. It is besides noticed that Be is merely acceptable for a low-duty rhythm machine[ 28 ]such as ITER ( 34 ) . In decision, the first wall panels and the bulk of the internal Tokamak surface will be covered by Be. Their occupation is simple, to defy and reassign the heat from the plasma t o the chilling system via heat sink. In fact, for ITER and JET, there is already a company in Finland known as DIARC-Technology Inc. that is specialised in supplying the plasma coating ( 36 ) . It is of import besides to observe that ceramic complexs such as silicon-carbide ( SiC ) fibre-reinforced SiC-matrix had been conveying to the concern of the applied scientists. Ceramic complexs are of peculiar involvement due to the fact that the degree of radiation induced here is much lower[ 29 ]than that of a metallic construction ( 2 ) . However, with the high pay-off, it comes with high hazard. The high pay-off is evidently the first-class safety of SiC due to its highly low induced radiation, whereas the high hazard is uncertainness of the SiC public presentation and belongingss when it is subjected to irradiation under high temperature ( 37 ) . Table 2 is attached naming the cardinal constituents required if the new-generation SiC is chosen to be used as the structural stuff and the nucleus stuff[ 30 ]in the power works. Several issues need to be raised before sing SiC: the cost of fiction of the complexs, the connection method, low thermic conduction under irradiation at hig h temperature, and the maximal operating temperature around the cover and the constructions of the works. SiC had been considered in assorted power works designs such as TAURO, DREAM, and AIRES-AT. However, it is non being considered as the chief structural stuff in ITER due to its unpredictable public presentation. Further R & A ; D might be required to develop SiC into a high public presentation merger power works nucleus stuff with safety advantages. Detailed plants can be referred at ( 37 ) . Table: Suggested Parameters for a SiC-based Fusion Power Plant ( 37 ) Besides the screening consequence by the first wall, cover besides act as a tritium breeder. The suited stuff here would be Li or Li compounds as it will absorb the high-energy neutron and release tritium as shown in Equation 1 and 2 below ( 2 ) . The first reaction will devour energy of 2.87 MeV but it will bring forth an extra neutron that can undergo farther reaction to engender tritium. The 2nd reaction will take to an energy production of 4.8 MeV. The enrichment of the Li in the compounds depends on the type of power reactor. Equation.Equation Among the Li compounds, Lithium zirconate ( Li2ZrO3 ) is preferred as the genteelness cover due to its good irradiation stableness, its good compatibility with steel, low tritium keeping at low temperature, and insensitiveness to wet ( 31 ) . The Li here can be enriched to 90 % to heighten the genteelness of tritium. The genteelness cover here will be in the signifier of pebbles. The proposed agreement of the breeder would be holding 2-3 breeder zones embedded in Be tiles giving the net tritium genteelness ratio of greater than 0.8 ( 31 ) . Ultimately, the dramatis personae steel can be used as the concluding shielding portion of the first wall ( 30 ) . In the design of ITER, a high thermic conduction stuff, known as heat sink, will be placed in between the armor and the chilling channels with its chief fuction being reassigning the heat fluxes and energy extracted by the first wall to the coolants, cut downing the thermic emphasiss undergone by the protecting constituent expeditiously. Therefore, for the heat sink, the Cu ( Cu ) metal would be preferred due to its high thermic conduction. The class selected here would be CuCrZr metal. However, the belongingss of CuCrZr alloy depend extremely on its thermomechanical intervention and fabrication procedure. Provided the fabrication procedure will impact the belongingss minimally, CuCrZr will hold high break stamina at high temperature. Besides CuCrZr is a weldable stuff and it is widely available in the market. Although the metal will exhibit radiation hardening, lessening in ductileness, and loss of the ability for work indurating at low neutron irradiation temperature, the public pr esentation of the metal still meets ITER ‘s standards ( 32 ) . However, this CuCrZr metal will be differ from the standard one in footings of its content. For the standard metal, the Cr contents would change from 0.4 % to 1.5 % and Zr contents would change from 0.03 % to 0.25 % , nevertheless, the metal used in ITER would utilize a much narrower scope[ 31 ]. The ground of restricting Cr in much narrower scope is to cut down the possibility of formation of harsh Cr precipitates which will affection the radiation opposition. Zr on the other manus will do hardening of metal and influences the recrystallization temperature and the ageing clip. The restriction of O in the metal to less than 0.002 % and the entire sum of drosss to less than 0.03 % is besides needed for a better embrittlement opposition ( 30 ) . Besides the stuffs for each constituent, the stuff of the articulations of heat sink to the cover faculties and to the overall construction needs to be considered every bit good. To bond the heat sink onto the armour stuffs, a procedure known as Hot Isostatic Pressing ( HIP ) is introduced ( 36 ) . HIP bonding is a type of fabricating procedure that will adhere metals together while cut downing the porousness of the metals and it will ensue in tight geometrical tolerance. The status of the HIP of the two stuffs is furthered explain in ( 32 ) and ( 31 ) . In fact, the articulations of Be/Cu and Cu/SS had been successfully tested under heat flux up to 12 MW/m2 under 4500 rhythms ( 31 ) . In UK, there is an technology company known as AMEC worked with the bonding of the hot sink to the Be foremost wall. Detailss for HIP fall ining engineerings can be viewed at ( 31 ) , ( 38 ) and ( 39 ) . Figure: Blanket Flexible Support Attachment ( 32 ) There is another stuff concern here for the covers attachment. As shown in Figure 3, it is necessary to attach the cover to the vacuity vass. The ITER design is such that a flexible cartridge is screwed onto the vas and bolted through the entree hole in the cover faculty. The stuff here needs to fulfill the undermentioned standards: high strength, must be able to defy high axial burden forces and let elastic distortion during flexing. The pick of stuff here would be titanium alloy – Ti-6Al-4V ( 32 ) . This stuff is widely used and so its database is instead complete. The stuff itself besides has low Young modulus ( 31 ) . The ductileness of the stuff is non capable to any alterations as the dosage it will be exposed to as the protection from the cover faculty itself minimise the barrage of the energetic neutron onto the cartridge.Divertorshypertext transfer protocol: //www.iter.org/doc/www/content/com/Lists/WebsiteText/Attachments/15/divertor_4.jpg Figure: The perpendicular marks and the dome of the ITER divertor ( 16 ) For the armour tiles of the divertor baffle countries[ 32 ], sintered wolfram ( W ) in the cold worked and stress relieved conditions will be a great pick. W has low eroding rate[ 33 ]as compared to Be and C, low tritium keeping ( 32 ) , and longer life-time ( 16 ) . However, the disadvantages of utilizing wolframs are such that it will do a big radiative power loss and might run if it is subjected to abnormal high extremum burden. Therefore, for countries that exposed to high thermic flux[ 34 ], W is non suited. Therefore, for such countries, carbon-fibre-reinforced C complex ( CFC ) will be used due to its high thermic conduction to have the higher heat fluxes. However, the usage of CFC must be minimised and restricted to the country mentioned above merely because it will gnaw chemically and retain tritium. Besides that, there are some belongingss alterations of CFC under neutron irradiation that must be noted. At low irradiation temperature[ 35 ], the thermic conduction of CFC might be 3-5 times lower than the unirradiated CFC. The lessening in the thermic conduction might take to a rise in thermic eroding ( 30 ) . However, the addition in eroding is still allowable within the life-time of the constituent. Detailss of fall ining engineerings for CFC are discussed at ( 38 ) . In short, the stuff choice for divertor baffles and dome would be W and CFC at the work stoppage points chiefly the perpendicular marks ( 36 ) . As there are advantages and disadvantages of utilizing CFC and W, another suggestion for the divertor stuff is using a coating of W on CFC. This might show a good solution and cut down cost but it is subjected to research. However, there is an issue with this solution. The thermic enlargement of CFC might post the job to the divertor itself. This can farther be overcome by lodging a thin bed[ 36 ]of Molybdenum ( Mo ) as intermediate. This had been tested by heating up to 2000 A °C without the failure of the constituents ( 36 ) . Full makings of wolfram coating is reported in ( 40 ) . For the overall cassette organic structure of the divertor, SS 316 L ( N ) -IG is selected as stuff for fabricating through cast/HIP or pulverization HIP method. The elaborate survey of the plasma confronting stuff[ 37 ]and its experimental consequences together with the belongingss of articulation can be found at ( 41 )NosologiesIn existent merger reactor, the nosologies system might non be that extended as compared to the experimental reactor like ITER, but the being of nosologies system and diagnostic device inside the vacuity vas is ineluctable in order to analyze the plasma parametric quantities and the wall parametric quantities. Like all other in-vessels constituents, nosologies system will be subjected to high neutron flux and high radiation ( 32 ) . The stuffs used for nosologies system today ‘s experiment experience really small radiation, hence new stuffs must be proposed to be used in the risky environment like ITER. To give an thought of how rough is the environment that the nosologies system will see, Table 3 is shown in Appendix for farther mention. In choosing the stuff for the nosologies system, the cardinal choice standards would be radiation opposition. ITER would utilize fibre ocular transmittal near the plasma. During merger, a few meters of overseas telegram will be subjected to important radiation flux, hence, radiation opposition for optical wavelengths would be a consideration. In the IR and the seeable part of electromagnetic moving ridges[ 38 ], stuffs such as silicon oxides fibre with optimized fluorine-doped nucleus will supply dependable fiber-optic transmittal in the high-radiation vacuity vass ( 42 ) . However, it is non advisable to utilize optical fiber inside the vacuity vass because embrittlement may happen at high degree of irradiation and in the vacuity vass and the fiber in the vacuity vas will hold to work outside its preferable part of electromagnetic moving ridges as mentioned above. In order to go through the fiber into the vacuity vass, a more optimal stuff must be searched for. In order to go throug h the wire into the vacuity vas into the ITER device, a multi nucleus ( 57 fibers ) device that can be remotely handled is being developed. For insulating ceramics[ 39 ]of wire, the wire and the magnetic spiral, it is non a large job as there is assuring campaigners exist. Single crystal and polycrystal aluminum oxide ( Al2O3 ) can be considered as the insulating ceramics with careful pick of operating temperature scope ( 32 ) . In fact, Al2O3 will be used throughout for the electrical dielectric of the constituents around the ITER. It is non expected that the stuff will see important debasement of its strength over its life-time in the reactor. However, it is of import to observe the effects of irradiation on the electrical belongingss of the electrical constituents and the dielectric stuff. Two of the of import physical consequence would be radiation-induced conduction ( RIC ) and radiation induced electrical debasement ( RIED ) ( 26 ) . The RIC consequence for the campaigner stuffs had been shown in Table 6 in Appendix. However, overall, there is no serious debasement of the belongingss that might impact the public pr esentation and the safety of the stuffs provided the careful choice of stuffs. For RIED, nevertheless, it is still non being understood yet, hence more R & A ; D must be done ( 43 ) . Mineral insulating ( MI ) overseas telegrams[ 40 ]are extremely immune to radiation every bit good and are widely used in atomic reactor ( 44 ) . Therefore MI overseas telegrams will be a suited campaigner for the magnetic spiral and overseas telegrams. The Windowss used in the nosologies system is besides subjected to radiation. The belongingss that are of concern when choosing the diagnostic window is radiation induced soaking up ( 26 ) . Sapphire can be considered as better stuffs for the Windowss when subjected to shorter wavelength as compared to fused silicon oxide due to its tolerance to gamma radiation[ 41 ]. However, diamond will be as the best stuff for nosologies Windowss as it can digest radiation from GHz part to IR part ( 32 ) . For plasma-facing optical component ( mirrors and reflectors ) , the mirrors will frequently confront with the job of deposition of scoured stuffs from other in-vessel constituents and subjected to intense radiation. Careful pick of mirror stuff must be made. For majority metal mirrors, the radiation and neutron might non present a serious menace although excess attention still hold to be taken to cover with the atomic warming ( 26 ) . The pick of stuff for majority metal mirrors can be Cu, W, Mo, SS or Al. For dielectric coated mirror, neutron irradiation can take to flaking and vesiculation and will damage the mirror. The similar job will happen with the multi-layer mirrors. Therefore, choice must be careful. Suggested stuffs for dielectric coated mirror are HfO2/SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 ( 32 ) . For inorganic X-ray crystal, it will be unaffected by the neutron irradiation. Suggested stuff is graphite ( 43 ) . Bolometer is a device mensurating the power of electromagnetic radiation and therefore will be installed in ITER every bit good. Bolometer of stuff made of isinglass as the substrate and gold as meander used for JET is possible to be reintroduced in ITER as the testing of the bolometer is the JET reactor is non a job. However, the gold meander thought to hold been broken due to the transubstantiation and substrate puffiness ( 43 ) . Therefore, for ITER, alternate meander such as Pt will be considered. But the design for ITER at the minute still keep Mica as substrate and Gold as meander ( 32 ) , though more R & A ; D had been planned look intoing the possible substrate stuffs such as Al2O3, aluminum nitride ( AIN ) , CVD diamond, KU1 fused silicon oxide and Si3N4.MagnetsThe magnets, without uncertainties, are the most of import and critical component in a magnetic parturiency atomic merger power works. The spirals must be designed to accomplish superior public presentation in footing s of the current denseness and field at minimal cost without compromising the quality of the magnets ( 45 ) . Therefore, the choice of stuffs for the magnet remains a really important portion in a reactor like ITER. The pick of the magnets will be depend on the field, temperature and current. Among the suited stuffs that can be used to construct the superconductor magnets here are Nb3Sn and NiTi. Nb3Sn has a higher critical temperature and field than its opposition. However, NiTi is more malleable and the twist techniques are more conventional ( 32 ) . For cardinal solenoid and toroidal field spiral, the selected stuff is Nb3Sn because it allows these spirals to run at 12 T while being cooled by the supercritical He. Harmonizing to ( 45 ) , Nb3Sn is the lone stuff that is capable of supplying 12 T which is far more beyond that other commercially available superconductor but it will hold to undergo complex fabrication procedure which will be explained in the undermentioned reappraisal. For ITER, it is of import besides to guarantee that there is minimal hysteresis loss with high current denseness. NbTi will be selected for poloidal field spiral ( 46 ) . The construction of the toroidal field and the cardinal solenoid will be a lesion in a form of battercake and utilize the engineering ‘wind, react and transportation ‘ while for the construction of poloidal field spiral, the construction will be like dual battercakes ( 12 ) . Figure: Typical Agreement of Conductors Strand and Filaments ( 32 ) The music director jacket plays an of import structural function for the magnets. For poloidal field spiral, the fiction of the jacket will be an bulge subdivision which is assembled by butt welding. As a consequences, the tensile emphasis will rule here and 316L ( N ) austenitic steel is selected as the stuff for polodial field spiral music director jacket ( 12 ) . On the other manus, cardinal solenoid is extremely stressed and it will necessitate to rhythm twice per pulsation from 0 to 13T magnetic field. Therefore, the stuff for cardinal solenoid music director jacket demands to hold high output strength and high weariness opposition and have to be co-reacted through Nb3Sn heat intervention[ 42 ]. Titanium will be preferred stuff for cardinal solenoid music director jacket because it is preferred for a co-reacted jacket holding a thermic contraction coefficient that is near to that of Nb3Sn strands as the strand superconducting belongingss will be decreased by strain ( 32 ) . Besides Ti, Incoloy 908 will undergo precipitation indurating during co-reaction holding a high weariness opposition and is besides a suited stuff for the jacket music director. However, it is excess sensitive to emphasize accelerated grain boundary oxidization[ 43 ]( SAGBO ) which will ensue in O demands during the heat intervention procedure ( 32 ) and hence the heat i ntervention furnace must be controlled to keep low concentrations of O ( 47 ) . It is besides indispensable that the music director will be insulated with glass-kapton when being heat treated to guarantee good insularity ( 45 ) . Therefore, finally, Incoloy 908 will be used to envelop the overseas telegram although it is new and need to be co-reacted with Nb3Sn under carefully specified conditions ( 48 ) . Figure 7 in Appendix can be referred to see the overall cardinal solenoid clearly. The item fabrication procedure and weaving engineering is further discussed at ( 48 ) . For toroidal field spiral, the music director jacket can be built from modified 316LN[ 44 ]steel tubing which has a higher thermic contraction during co-reaction and acceptable break stamina. As such the big mechanical burdens on the toroidal filed spiral can be overcome by edifice of the thick steel spiral instances around the superconductors weaving battalion. These instances will see high emphasis locally with a cyclic constituent due to its interaction with poroidal field spiral ( 32 ) . The insularity of toroidal field spiral will utilize the same stuff as cardinal solenoid which is glass-kapton tape. The item fabrication procedure and weaving procedure of toroidal field spiral can be explored at ( 49 ) . Furthermore, to forestall fast fatigue cleft growing in steel due to the temperature of 4 K coolant of liquid He go throughing through it[ 45 ], a to the full established steel of category 316 must be used. Just to accomplish this intent, a particular category of strengthened austenitic steel have been defined. They are given name as EK1, EC1, JJ1, and JK2 during the R & A ; D of ITER. These steel are formed by increasing its N content which will increase the strength of the stuff and increasing its manganese content to increase nitrogen solubility in order to keep a good welding. EK1 and JJ1 will be used to beef up the interior leg basic elements[ 46 ]of toroidal field spiral instance and articulations around the spiral and intercoil construction. JK2 will be used to reenforce the Ti cardinal solenoid music director jacket. EC1 is used to beef up outer leg basic elements[ 47 ]of toroidal field spiral. ( 32 )External Heatinghypertext transfer protocol: //www.iter.org/img/sq-640-85/ww w/content/com/Lists/WebsiteText/Attachments/17/heating_4.jpg Figure: Proposed External Heating of ITER ( 17 ) The heating beginning of the merger power reactor must non be neglected every bit good in footings of stuff choice. This is because the external warming will be responsible to supply more than 10 % of the 50 MW input power of the merger power works. It is besides responsible to heat the temperature of the plasma up to the desired 150 million Kelvin. As mentioned in Section 2.1, there will be 2 beginnings of electromagnetic moving ridges that are responsible to heat up the plasma. Therefore, it is required to construct 2 radio-frequency aerial. The aerial will hold to prolong long continuance of plasma operation utilizing the high powers with the aid of Lower Hybrid Passive Active Multi-juntion ( PAM ) microwave launcher[ 48 ]. For ITER, there is already a pre-installed aerial. Therefore, another aerial had to be built from the abrasion and this might move as the mention for building of future merger power works ( 36 ) . The chief stuff challenge here is to manufacture a multi-waveguide construction for the moving ridge transmittal from the electromagnetic moving ridge generator to the vacuity vas. In ITER, the construction will necessitate the machining of Cu to the chromium steel steel by brazing. The fabrication of such devices face with a figure of proficient troubles which the chief troubles being the detonation bonding between the Cu and chromium steel steel for dual and ternary beds of stuff would deformed by the residuary internal emphasis after heat intervention and machining. Therefore, a particular brazing tool is required. A Gallic company, CEA, had proposed a engineering whereby the brazing tool allows commanding of the constituent contact force per unit area at high temperature under vacuity. ( 36 ) However, there is another type of electromagnetic moving ridge warming in ITER. It functions like a microwave with the lone difference being the microwave operates at megawatt power. It is called Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating ( ECRH ) and it will heats the negatron utilizing an electromagnetic moving ridge of 170 GHz, the resonating frequence of the negatrons and the negatrons will so reassign its energy to the plasma ( 17 ) . Among the designs, there is a design that requires a â€Å" square corrugated wave guide † . If such wave guides is needed, rapid chilling will be required every bit good as the power transmitted by the moving ridge is high[ 49 ]. Such device does non presently exist and therefore will post a stuff challenge of holding a wave guide that is corrugated with high tolerance and welded under vacuity tight status ( 36 ) . However, there is presently a paradigm of wave guide being tested at such high power and the consequence is really satisfactory. The company involved here is the Heeze Mechanics. Due to a design alteration of ITER, a wave guide as mentioned above might non be required for the minute ( 36 ) . Therefore, the suited stuff for such wave guide is non investigated here.Remote HandlingRemote handling is highly of import in ITER as explained in Section 2.1 and all the stuffs involved in the vass will non be replaced manually on-site but will be repaired remotely. It is expected that the divertor will undergo serious eroding and is expected to be replaced 3 times during the life-time of ITER ( 36 ) . Therefore, DTP2 installation will be built in ITER to transport out all distant managing occupations. This will move as an in-vessel conveyance system to take and reinstall any harm faculties. The inside informations of how distant handling will assist to mend the vass are discussed in great inside informations at ( 50 ) and ( 51 ) . The stuff used is non specified here but it involved the usage of automaton and progress electronics that is available at current engineering.Cooling SystemThe chilling system in a merger reactor must be really advance as it is required to chill and pull out a theoretical power of 500 MW. However, the chilling system here will non present a job to a merger reactor like ITER. This is due to the fact that the current engineering can manage a atomic fission power works that let go ofing 1000 MW of end product power. The choice of stuff for the coolant of the merger power reactor can be every bit simple as H2O. Although there is other proposed design whereby the coolant selected will be liquid Li and it will acts as both the tritium breeder and coolant in a merger power works ( 25 ) , nevertheless, ITER will be utilizing the H2O as its chief coolant to pull out the heat energy. The status of the H2O used here are of 3.8 – 4 MPa with inlet temperature of 140 A °C and outlet temperature of 190 A °C with speed of about 5 m/s ( 31 ) . The H2O chilling system will be arranged to go around the cover faculty, the heat sinks, the divertor, the divertor cassette, the genteelness cover and the vacuity vas. The piping of the chilling system will be unstained steel[ 50 ]. However, it is of import that note that the B content in the steel will bring forth He as waste at topographic points where the steel is stopping points to the H2O chilling channels. Therefore, the B content in steel used for in-vessels chilling pipe must be reduced to 0.0010 % , so that the He coevals can be minimised. For all the magnetic spirals, it is indispensable that they are cooled by ace critical He of approximative 4 K.DiscussionDecisionMentions

Insider Trading: Should It Be Abolished? Essay

Insider trading is defined as â€Å" trading whilst in possession of non-public information and if known to the public, may lead to a substantial movement in a security’s price† . In Australia it is prohibited by insider trading regulation (IT regulations) in the Corporations Law (CL) 1991 , though it was initially established from recommendations made by the Rae committee in 1974 on the mining company scandals . The latest law changed one single section to 20 wide and complex sections, causing critique of Australia IT regulations . Henry G Manne argued that IT regulations should be abolished supported by three basic economic arguments. This essay will examine the pro and contra of each argument and shows that IT regulations have spoiled the notion of fairness at the expense of efficiency, despite the objective of any securities markets regulation to promote both aspects . 1. Insider trading could compensate corporate entrepreneurs . Pro and Contra This argument is supported by Carlton and Fischel who argued that the IT regulations are the same with setting government regulation of terms and conditions of employment; similar to restrict salary bonuses, stock options, vacation leave, and the others which can motivate management for their entrepreneurial skills . However their assumptions ignore the difference between the volatile share price and a certain amount of normal compensation. As argued by Easterbrook, where there is a volatile share price, the management compensation argument reverts into a â€Å"lottery-ticket argument† . Because in the volatile share price, even informed traders will hardly predict the increase or decrease of share price in the future. The high fluctuation equalizes the possibility of losing their investment and getting profit, which as called ‘compensation’. From the two extremes, It can be concluded that compensation argument can be valid if the share price is relatively stable otherwise not all insiders can get their compensation through insider trading. Director’s fiduciary duty to Shareholder However, if IT regulation were only applied for a liquid market, what is the role of fiduciary duty? In Exicom’s case fiduciary argument was established where persons who are subject to a legal relationship of trust and confidence, arising from either a prior relationship with the securities issuer (typically directors, employees and corporate agents) or the other party to trade should not make a profit from that position or allow a conflict of interest to arise. Moore supports IT regulation on the basis of fiduciary duty. He reasons that directors have some fiduciary duty to their shareholder to fully disclose all information they could benefit from. His idea is supported by the fact that although there is no general principal that directors owe fiduciary duty to shareholders (in addition to the company), with the purpose to prevent directors when in the position of holding confidential information to spread the it to outsiders , such duty in recognized in Hooker’s case . Sub Conclusion Insider trading as a compensation for corporate executive is argued only happened in a stable market where they can use the information to predict the trend otherwise the profit compensation turn to be a lottery compensation. Here fiduciary duty of the insiders is questioned where in Hooker’s case it is possible that directors owe fiduciary duty to shareholder although there is no general principal on it. 2. Insider Trading Contributes to Market Efficiency Pro from Leland and Estrada Manne argued that ‘allowing an unfettered market in information will have salutary effects unheard of in connection with regulatory â€Å"disclosure†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . Recently, Leland and Estrada also stated similar idea that insider trading contributes to market efficiency through signaling where signal-trading by insiders pushed share price more quickly towards its equilibrium price. Pro from Empirical Measures Theory Moreover, empirical measure presents a theory; the more information gets into market, the lower transaction cost, the more liquid the market and the smaller volatility produced. Since investors get more helpful information to predict market trend, the transaction cost here is lower. Transaction cost is the cost to take the risk if the companies, which they invest in, somehow default. Thus lower transaction cost is equivalent to lower risk, which can encourage more investor to trade. As trading in the market occurs significantly in one flow (either buy or sell) based on the information they got, the volatility, which represented by the bid-ask (difference between the buy and sell quotes at any one time), decreases. Consequently liquidity increases. Evidence from Real Study In practice, Dodd and Officer found evidence that no significant abnormal returns (return of a security over its average or expected return) occurred on the day take over rumour was published, although some abnormal returns typically occurred prior to the publicity of rumour. This prior abnormal return must be because of insider trading, as the unpublished information they possess allow them to predict the trend up to takeover bid, thus, at the date of take over published, market already reached equilibrium price. Contra from Cox and Georgakopoulos and Response from Wyatt However, there are some disagreements on Manne argument. First, Cox claims that insider trading cannot make the price movement towards equilibrium price purely by their own actions . Also microstructure theory by Georgakopoulos, which states that whether support or against insider trading is depending on the market liquidity . A liquid market as discussed in the compensation arguments will give more benefit to insiders because the votality is lower and they can easily predict trend in stable price, hence, IT regulations in this case can be useful. On the other hand, illiquid market leads both insider and outsider traders away regardless the information they received since the votality is high and even unpublished information may just let them gamble on the security’s price, hence, in such market the presence of IT regulations has no effect to the market. The idea is that the uninformed traders is discourage to involve in market because of unfairness arise from the profit making activity by informed traders, hence, reducing the market effectiveness. For all that, both claims can be doubtful considering Wyatt suggestion that outsiders follow insiders action and further can encourage market liquidity . His suggestion is also supported by the fact that trader’s identity is kept confidential, thus, uninformed traders cannot be certain of the percentage of informed traders which make them discourage from trading. IT Regulation Distorts Market Efficiency Further issue is whether IT regulation increase market efficiency or it just increase the cost of compliance for companies and financial services firms? If IT regulation inhibits market efficiency then it should be revised. IT regulations in Australia reinforces continous disclosure (CD) regulations such in Crown Casino’s case where the chairman, who has no power on the company’s behalf, disclosed information to outsiders before the board disclosed it to the Exchange. The court emphasized on the breach of continous disclosure specifically on the abuse of the term ‘immediately’ . If IT regulation is just a flip-case of CD regulations, then it is obsolescent, as CD regulation already governs tardy disclosure . Sub Conclusion nsider trading contributes to market efficiency by moving the share price more quickly towards equilibrium price is supported by empirical measure which shows that insider trading increase market liquidity, and by Dodd and Officer finding on significance abnormal returns prior to take over rumour instead of on the date of publicity. Although Cox and Georgakopoulos go against the concept, Wyatt response that their arguments can be the contrary, that informed traders can be an opportunity for uninformed traders to get profit by following them instead of discourage them by unfairness. 3. Insider Trading and Long-term Investors Pro and Contra Finally, insider trading does no significant harm for long-term investors , â€Å"whose market decisions will be a function of time† . In detail, Manne asserts that the less frequent someone trades, the less significant effect of the unfair use of valuable information from insider trading they receive. Such investors just make investment on the basis that they are timely and not affected by the share price, which is affected by insider trading. However, this view is questioned by Schotland . He argued that even long-term investor needs cash and when they need it they will consider to ait for a right price to sell it. Further, Manne suggest that long term investor can ignore price to avoid being harmed by the effect of insider trading, expect for one, which is the lost of not having inside information in the range of the buying and selling price so that it is insignificant. Here Manne only refers to one investment. Yet, how about when the investors have more than one (in which the common condition to diversify)? They may need to watch a series of share price otherwise they will end up will sell it with no profit after putting so much faith waiting for it. Sub Conclusion Insider trading does no significant harm for long-term investors as they just invest on the basis of time instead of share price and only need to watch insignificant loss from the valuable information exploited by insider trading. The idea is fully objected by Schotland by arguing even long-term investors need cash and should consider the right price to sell the share. Also the insignificant loss only refers to one share, but in practice long-term investor such as retirees diversify shares by holding more than one. Conclusion In summary, the essay demonstrates a number of both pros and contras of whether insider trading should be abolished. Looking the above discussion, insider trading should be outlawed as it can cause significant harm to investors. It is also contradict with fiduciary argument. However, Insider trading is also evidenced contribute to market efficiency. Moreover, as in Crown Casino’s case, IT regulation is criticized to be a mere flip-case of CD regulation and the presence just increase the cost of compliance. Therefore, It would be better if IT regulations is revised in a way that promote both fairness and efficiency equally.

Robert Brownings My Last Duchess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Robert Brownings My Last Duchess - Essay Example In this manner she is finally entirely within his grasp. In life the Duchess had been free-spirited and blessed with a sunny disposition which had irked the Duke as he felt he could not suppress and possess her completely. In the finishing lines of the poem the Duke makes an allusion to Greek mythology which further illustrates his manic need for control and his inherent pride-"Notice Neptune, though/Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity/Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me! The poem is written using iambic pentameter and rhymed couplets. This sets the tone for the poem, and the language thus used gives the reader an impression of power wielded by the narrator. Another poetic device called the enjambment is used so that the lines at times have an unfinished feel creating a hanging effect, and ultimately creating a mood of apprehension as the Duke makes his chilling revelations. He is a compelling narrator and the words he uses have a subtle yet forceful quality to them.

The Concept of Motivating Using Two Models Essay

The Concept of Motivating Using Two Models - Essay Example This paper illustrates five core traits that every job must possess, and these include, skill variety, task significance, feedback, task identity as well as autonomy. As the name suggests, skill variety is that quality of work that allows workers to apply various talents, abilities, and skills; a fine balance must be struck by the organization. If it gives employees too much variety, they could be overwhelmed but if it gives them few ones, then they could be bored. Task identity refers to the holistic nature of a task with regard to the whole production process while task significance refers to the quality of contributing to something beyond oneself. The five factors have the ability to influence an employee’s psychological state at three levels, and these include the meaningfulness, knowledge of results and the responsibility for outcomes. Responsibility means that a worker has been given enough freedom to make changes to certain things and learn as they perform their tasks; they tend to appreciate being able to succeed or fail. Meaningfulness implies engaging in labor that means something to the worker; it should be more than a series of movements that can be repeated. This quality is paramount in creating intrinsic motivation or motivation that is only associated with work rather than with external factors; here employees see it as a means to an end. Knowledge of the outcomes is also another crucial psychological state for two primary reasons: learning and giving purpose to work. If a person knows the outcomes of their effort, they are likely to know what it takes to succeed and thus learn from their wrongs. Furthermore, knowing outcomes gives purpose to work as it enables the employee or provider of input to form an association between what they do and the outputs or clients. This means that they will not be disconnected from their work and will know that even though their roles are seemingly small, they lead to large outcomes in the company. Â  

The Hair Emporium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Hair Emporium - Research Paper Example While a franchisor should ideally provide assistance and financial advice to their franchisees as discussed previously, it is important to understand that it is highly unfavorable for Rolando and Rosa to disclose certain types of accounting records and financial records to their franchisees. Most importantly, the financial information that should not be supplied to the franchisees includes computations of costs per unit and other unit-based data which has the potential to outline the inputs of the Hair Emporium in a comprehensive manner. The reasons why Rolando and Rosa are discouraged from providing this information can be represented in terms of the inadequacy and misleading nature of these figures and the competitive threats that are posed by the public disclosure of this data. For example, if provided with unit performance including variable costs that are incurred on material, labor and supplies the franchisee maybe misguided by the financial records as they cannot be applied to the franchised outlet of Hair Emporium. Moreover, the availability of this information to the businesses’ U.S-based competitors would threaten the success of the hair salon in the new country. The completion of balance sheets and operating statements on a monthly and yearly basis is critical to the analysis of the company’s financial position. An accurate examination of a firm’s financial position not only facilitates decision-making but also equips managers and business executives with the tools that are required to evaluate the present scenario and future possibilities for the business. By assessing the financial statements, senior management can discern whether the company has been able to achieve the designated corporate objects such as profit-maximization, survival or increase in market share. Through the completion of the balance sheet and operating statements in a timely manner the financial position of the firm and the result of business operations can be examined (Solomon et al. 1990) to detect any impending risks that may adversely impact the organization and develop a contingency plan to cope with these risks. As owners of the franchised business, Rolando and Rosa can opt to complete their balance sheet and operating statements on a quarterly basis rather than creating these financial statements for every month. This decision would allow them to keep track of the business’ financial position as it appears every three months in the financial calendar. However, a consequence of this selection would be that Rolando and Rosa would not be able to continually assess the development of their business in the United States during the first crucial year of the commencement of operations. At this point, it is imperative for Rolando and Rosa to closely monitor the progress of Hair Emporium in order to identify any potential problems and issues that may hamper the growth of the business. Thus, adopting a quarterly system for the comp letion of financial statements would not be suitable in this scenario. Under the provisions of the franchise agreement, Rolando and Rosa would be entitled to provide the franchisee with initial services that also involve the formulation of financial records and advice related to bookkeeping (Epstein, Nach and Bragg 2009). Local conditions, regulations and

Fire detection and suppression systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Fire detection and suppression systems - Essay Example This can be in form of sirens, flash lights, telephone calls and a signal sent to the city’s fire department. It comprises the following parts: The alarm system is composed of mainly the control panel, power supply, zone feature, input devices and the output devices. The input devices are the sensory zones of the alarm hence they include the smoke and heat detectors. If the signal is high enough, the control panel would provide notifications about the danger posed by the changes in the detectors. However, some signals may require immediate attention, for example a fire alert in a specific room of a building. In such an instance, the zone feature is programmed to activate instant sprinklers that would put off the fire. Finally, the output devices include the horns, voice announcements and flash lights that indicate danger (Hirschler, 1992). Fire alarm systems are very important in notifying the occupants of the building under fire to vacate. They are designed to use both sound and visual warnings hence ensuring evacuation of the buildings thus saving lives. In the recent models of the alarm systems, they are programmed to inform an individual the specific location of the fire hence giving him or her right direction of the nearest exit (Sturzenbecker, Adams & Burnside, 2012). The alarm systems assist the fire fighters to easily locate the building under fire thus facilitating quick response to the fire. In addition, the alarm system may produce a human voice that informs them of the location of the fire hence.

Emigration in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emigration in USA - Essay Example Individual immigrants will win in the sense that after being employed in the formal or informal sectors their disposable income will increase. Additionally, individual immigrants will be covered by the government in terms of provision of health care as well as security. Based on their skills and experience, immigrants will acquire well paying jobs as well as political positions. One of the notable implications of the immigration is that it will create stiff competition between domestic workers and immigrant workers thus making the domestic workers to be losers. A major result of the immigration is that racism is likely to emerge between various groups. For instance, there have been cases of social conflicts between Korean immigrants and the black. This occurred during the 1992 riots in Los Angeles. Similarly, non-white Latino and African American group have been involved in conflicts that not only affect their economic productivity but also their social life. As a nation, US will benefit in various ways for example economic growth, technology advancement and adequate market for goods among others. According to Smith and Barry 26, immigrants significantly contribute to the US economy. For example, each year $10 billion is contributed to the US economy by immigrants. Based on the fact that US heavily rely on its own resources, immigrants act as a major source of labor as well as market for locally produced goods. To address the issue of racism and social conflicts that affect various groups, it is imperative to create forums that will entail interaction of various groups with an aim of preaching peace. Additionally, it is fundamental for government to streamline employment policies that will enable equal employment opportunities for domestic workers as well as immigrants. It is necessary to reduce the number of losers and increase the number of winners for example by providing equal economic opportunities for

Describe a situation in which you combined analysis and creativity to Personal Statement

Describe a situation in which you combined analysis and creativity to solve a challenging problem - Personal Statement Example A major factor in the retail industry is the influence by policy published by Chinese government that takes the anti-corruption campaign against gift-giving culture. Men luxury, jewelry will definitely be affected by the policy. This year, I come back to China to find out the many new stores of famous brands in the Chinese market that have been closed and its sales have reduced from about 150 in 2012 to about 100 in 2013. Meanwhile, the decrease rate is one-third and I think it is very puzzling and challenging to figure out the real reasons of this phenomenon. It is said that Chinas luxury market has grown rapidly from the enclosure stage to the development of sustained attention to the customer experience and comparable store sales stage. I want to establish the reason because I feel very interested in this situation and want to research the reasons for this problem. In this regard, I plan to apply the theoretical and practical knowledge to study this problem. It is not easy to learn all the pictures of all the problems faced by stores of famous brands. Therefore, I run to many stores that sell the famous brand clothing and learn this price in China since I am a Chinese and want to study Strategic design a nd management. It is easy and creative for me to know some situations, sales, and styles by communicating with sellers. Usually, it is thought that the price is the most important reason to explain the reduction and decrease of the sales for luxury clothing. However, only the price in China is higher than the clothing with same style, but also the types of styles are rich. This probably explains the phenomenon that many Chinese customers want to buy luxury clothing in foreign countries instead of China. Meanwhile, from my own research I established that the main method is to search for information from the internet and library in the university to establish the reasons behind this whole scenario. Essentially, 73% of

Math Tidal Flows project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math Tidal Flows - Statistics Project Example Member1: Day 4, Member2: Day 6, Member3: Day 8, Member4: Day 10 The water flow is increasing from Day 1 to Day 14. There is no day when the flow is less than from the previous day. So we can say that all the time periods from day 1 to day 14 the rate at which the water is flowing is increasing. 7. Your group’s client is considering building a small hydroelectric plant near the mouth of the river. For the project to be feasible, the plant needs to be able to operate at full capacity at least 70% of the time and at reduced capacity at least another 15% of the time. To operate at full capacity, a flow rate of at least 200 million gallons per day is required. However, if the flow rate rises above 400 million gallons per day, the equipment is stressed, and the plant must close down. If the flow rate is too small for full capacity operation, the plant can still operate at reduced capacity as long as the flow rate remains above 125 million gallons per day. We can see from the above results that water flow is increasing day by day. The minimum flow can be achieved in 4 days to operate at full capacity. Since the flow has no tendency to decrease so it will reach at 400 million gallons in approximately 20 days and after than the plant has to be close down. So it is better to empty the equipment so that the maximum capacity will be near to 400 million gallons in order to run this. It is not better to invest in this because we need more resources and equipment to set up this

Perception and Evaluation of Risk and Uncertainty Essay

Perception and Evaluation of Risk and Uncertainty - Essay Example This research will help in knowing public responses to any new technology and the development of new risk management strategies. Social and cultural factors affect perception and acceptance of risk. This is because people try to emphasize on particular risks that they see as important, in order to control what others are thinking and make them believe them, all in trying to make sense out of what is happening to the world mostly through new technology. Starrs research concluded that acceptability of risk from an activity is roughly proportional to the third power of the benefits for that activity and the public will accept risks from voluntary activities (such as skiing) that are roughly 1000 times as great as it would tolerate from involuntary hazards (such as food preservatives) that provide the same level of benefits (Slovic, 1987, 282). Also studies have shown that perception of risk can be quantifiable and predictable. There are models that are used to show the relation between perceptions, behavior and qualitative characteristics of hazards. These models are: Factor-Analytic Representations and Accidents as Signals. Eventually riskiness means a lot to people than expected number of fatalities. In order to carry out a good research, both parties, the public and the experts have to contribute on how they perceive risk. Risk assessment is a methodology used for evaluating the environmental risks of new technologies. Agriculture has evolved since the early 1940s in order to provide enough food for various countries, but the need of taking great care of the environment has increased and rules and regulations have been made to protect the environment. Risk assessment also involves the process of identifying risks and their seriousness, so that decisions can be made on whether or not the technology should be used and how to proceed with it. However, risk assessment has its own serious limitations. This is

Business Strategy Essay Example for Free

Business Strategy Essay In 2006, Starbucks’, the ubiquitous coffee retailer, closed a decade of astounding financial performance. Sales had increased from $697 million to $7.8 billion and net profits from $36 million to $540 million. In 2006, Starbucks’ was earning a return on invested capital of 25.5%, which was impressive by any measure, and the company was forecasted to continue growing earnings and maintain high profits through to the end of the decade. How did this come about? Thirty years ago Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with more than 12,000 retail stores, some 3,000 of which are to be found in 40 countries outside the United States. Starbucks Corporation set out on its current course in the 1980s when the company’s director of marketing, Howard Schultz, came back from a trip to Italy enchanted with the Italian coffeehouse experience. Schultz, who later became CEO, persuaded the company’s owners to experiment with the coffeehouse format—and the Starbucks experience was born. Schultz’s basic insight was that people lacked a â€Å"third place† between home and work where they could have their own personal time out, meet with friends, relax, and have a sense of gathering. The business model that evolved out of this was to sell the company’s own premium roasted coffee, along with freshly brewed espresso-style coffee beverages, a variety of pastries, coffee accessories, teas, and other products, in a coffeehouse setting. The company devoted, and continues to devote, considerable attention to the design of its stores, so as to create a relaxed, informal and comfortable atmosphere. Underlying this approach was a belief that Starbucks was selling far more than coffee – it was selling an experience. The premium price that Starbucks charged for its coffee reflected this fact. From the outset, Schultz also focused on providing superior customer service in stores. Reasoning that motivated employees provide the best customer service, Starbucks executives developed employee hiring and training programs that were the best in the restaurant industry. Today, all Starbucks employees are required to attend training classes that teach them not only how to make a good cup of coffee, but also the service oriented values of the company. Beyond this, Starbucks provided progressive compensation policies that gave even part-time employees stock option grants and medical benefits – a very innovative approach in an industry where most employees are part time, earn minimum wage and have no benefits. Unlike many restaurant chains, which expanded very rapidly through franchising arrangement once they have established a basic formula that appears to work, Schultz believed that Starbucks needed to own its stores. Although it has experimented with franchising arrangements in some countries, and some situations in the United States such as at airports, the company still prefers to own its own stores whenever possible. This formula met with spectacular success in the United States, where Starbucks went from obscurity to one of the best known brands in the country in a decade. As it grew, Starbucks found that it was generating an enormous volume of repeat business. Today the average customer comes into a Starbucks’ store around 20 times a month. The customers themselves are a fairly well healed group – their average income is about $80,000. As the company grew, it started to develop a very sophisticated location strategy. Detailed demographic analysis was used to identify the best locations for Starbuck’s stores. The company expanded rapidly to capture as many premium locations as possible before imitators. Astounding many observers, Starbucks would even sometimes locate stores on opposite corners of the same busy street – so that it could capture traffic going different directions down the street. By 1995 with almost 700 stores across the United States, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. First stop was Japan, where Starbucks proved that the basic value proposition could be applied to a different cultural setting (there are now 600 stores in Japan). Next, Starbucks embarked upon a rapid development strategy in Asia and Europe. By 2001, the magazine Brandchannel named Starbucks’ one the ten most impactful global brands, a position it has held ever since. But this is only the beginning. In late 2006, with 12,000 stores in operation, the company announced that its long term goal was to have 40,000 stores worldwide. Looking forward, it expects 50% of all new store openings to be outside of the United.i Case Discussion Questions 1. What functional strategies at Starbucks’ help the company to achieve superior financial performance? 2. Identify the resources, capabilities and distinctive competencies of Starbucks? 3. How do Starbucks’ resources, capabilities and distinctive competencies translate into superior financial performance? 4. Why do you think Starbucks’ prefers to own its own stores whenever possible? 5. How secure is Starbucks’ competitive advantage?What are the barriers to imitation here? !Sources: Starbucks 10K, various years; C. McLean, â€Å"Starbucks Set to Invade Coffee-Loving Continent,† Seattle Times, October 4, 2000, p. E1; J. Ordonez, â€Å"Starbucks to Start Major Expansion in Overseas Market,† Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2000, p. B10; S. Homes and D. Bennett, â€Å"Planet Starbucks,† Business Week, September 9, 2002, pp 99–110; J. Batsell, â€Å"A Bean Counters Dream,† Seattle Times, March 28th, 2004, page E1; Staff Reporter, â€Å"Boss Talk: it’s a Grande Latte World†, Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2003, page B1. States. C. Harris, â€Å"Starbucks beats estimates, outlines expansion plans†, Seattle Post Intelligencer, October 5th, 2006, page C1

American And Korean Student Culture

American And Korean Student Culture In the current essay we will review the Cultural differences between American students and Korean students. In the modern world cultural relations are very important. Due to the globalization countries cooperate more closely and build new relationships built on the current trends. Although the cultural differences are considerable, there are many common things that can be found in different cultures. Modern people have almost unique goals in several areas, as the majority of the population wants to study and then to find a job that will suit a person. There are certain differences between American and Korean student in culture and other aspects. For example, according to Kara Miller (2009), among American students very often there is no change in effort and no improvement in time management. Cultural differences between American students and Korean students Often, it is difficult to balance studying and playing games and staying online. By the time students are in college, habits can be tough to change. If youre used to playing video games like Modern Warfare or Halo all night, how do you fit in four hours of homework? Or rest up for class? Sometimes, even foreign students do better in studies and have more intentions to study and to learn the foreign language. According to Kara Miller (2009), Too many 18-year-old Americans, meanwhile, text one another under their desks (certain they are sly enough to go unnoticed), check e-mail, decline to take notes, and appear tired and disengaged. There are many distractions and less discipline among American students, as stated in My lazy American students. It can be said that because of the certain aspects of the American culture, American students enjoy communication, they are used to using the technologies that are always near, and studying has to be diverse and interesting. That is why there ca n be seen clear differences between American students and students in other countries. Of course all American students are different, and many of them are talented, hard-working, they listen intently and pay attention to studies. The majority of American students use their knowledge, innovative approaches, which results in a creative work. These peculiarities belong to American students. Although, the creativity without knowledge does not bring any benefits. In 2007 it was reported that eighth graders in even our best-performing states like Massachusetts scored below peers in Singapore, South Korea, and Japan, while students in our worst-performing states like Mississippi were on par with eighth graders in Slovakia, Romania, and Russia., according to the American Institutes for Research. Also, there is a knowledge gap and the lack of the basic knowledge among American students. They prefer to concentrate only on what they are interested in and they do not want to know a little about everything. It can be also said that the time management is considered a problem among American students. They spend a lot of time going somewhere, even late at night. It is the way of life and the aspect of the culture that has to be accepted. Missing studies by different reasons is not a way out, as the best way to study is in the classroom. In 2002, it was found that most 18- to 24-year-olds could not find Afghanistan, Iraq, or Japan on a map, ranking them behind counterparts in Sweden, Great Britain, Canada, Italy, Japan, France, and Germany., according to National Geographic-Roper survey. It is sad that some students are not interested in the outer world, as they are focused on their problems and several topics that they are interested in. According to Kara Miller (2009), success is in the time management and in a globalizing economy, Americans inability to stay focused and work hard could prove to be a serious problem. Working hard is the main principle that has to be present in each culture in each country. In comparison with the American students, it is believed that Korean students make more efforts to study better and better, and finally succeed. Korean students are more responsible in their studies and they are not used to distract on other things. They are used to concentrate on studies and then to do everything else, as this is the rules of the implemented culture. According to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010) , Korean students spend up to 14 hours a day in some form of education, including after school classes, studying with a tutor or taking supplementary courses, such as English, Chinese, Music, and Maths.- Jeonju, South Korea. 24/01/2010. Studying for so long is determined by the effects and the expected outcome in the future, in getting the best possible job and life. Also, Korea has a long cultural tradition that places a strong emphasis on higher education, which contributes to the students international success. A middle school teacher Mr. Bae says that Korea wants to be the first among other countries. From elementary to high school, Korean students spend up to 14 hours a day, including after school classes, studying with a tutor or taking supplementary courses, such as English, Chinese, music, and math at the local neighborhood hogwon., according to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010). As a fact, a Korean students life is dominated by the need to pass an exam to gain entry into a high school and getting a high score to gain admittance into a prestigious university. Korean students have to build character and independence by being responsible for their schools janitorial work, which includes taking out the garbage, sweeping, vacuuming, and cleaning the toilets., according to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010). The considerable influence on Korean students comes from their parents, their culture, traditions, goals in life and the main aims. According to some independent opinions, Korean students study better, as it depends on the importance given to education in general, parental commitment to their childrens education, teachers preparation, and the significance of mathematics for every students successful future., according to Woo Hyung Whang (2011). The culture of Korea values scholarship and Confucianism is also very influential. As well, Parental dedication to childrens education is remarkable in Korea which determines the success of Korean students and their desire to study. Encouragement to study is present in the Korean culture and it is valued very much, as well as the order in everything and true devotion. According to Study compares American students with other countries (2007) , Concern that science and math achievement was not keeping pace with the nations economic competitors had been building even before the most recent Times survey, in which the highest-performing nations were Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan. Today the level of competition among the countries is very high, and each country wants to ensure that its educational system is the best, the most effective and the most perspective. Promotion of education is extremely important and despite the cultural differences American and Korean students try to study better, to set goals and to succeed. It can be said that the culture has a considerable influence on studies, on students relation to them, and to the perspectives that may appear, as stated in Korean students flocking to Canada to study English (2006). I presume that it is important to respect both Korean and American culture, to use different approaches to educate students and to use various ways of evaluation of Korean and American students. It is important to create comfortable conditions for students and teachers, in order to provide a better educational process and to renew the intentions and desire of students to study more and better. Studying is important and cultural differences do not have to influence the educational process. All in all, it can be said that there have to be used different approaches according to cultural differences and peculiarities. Korean students should not be evaluated using the same way with American students. It is important to ensure that the evaluation will be different and that there will be used different approaches, more suitable for Koreans and American students. In some aspects there can be found considerable differences in the culture and the philosophy of the two countries, but the aim is the one- to study better.

Heroic Archetypes in Film: Symbolism and Adaption

Heroic Archetypes in Film: Symbolism and Adaption Carl Jung (1939) described the personal unconscious as containing personal memories and ideas of the individual, and the collective unconscious the shared ideas, and memories humanity, these shared memories and ideas emerge as themes and characters, which Jung termed archetypes or Primordial Images. Joseph Campbell (1949) evolved these ideas creating the heros journey or monomyth. Campbells work in narratology and comparative mythology showed the use of archetypal patterns bring patterns we all unconsciously respond to in similar ways to a conscious level. The term archetype can be applied to images, themes, symbols, ideas and character types (Jung, 1969). This essay will focus on the symbolism and adaption of Heroic archetypes in film examining the themes of Jung and Campbell and there portal over time, focusing in on how specific genders are represented. The Architypes are present in our earliest images and motifs, however Greek and roman mythology focuses largely on the hero with characters like Hercules playing the main role in their stories. These myths provide a clear pairing of Jung and Campbells theories creating connections with the hero, their quest and the many archetypal characters they will interact with along their journey. These methodologies have repeatedly been adapted and are portrayed in the most successful film franchises of the last sixty years. It is through the exploration of these franchises that I will examine the portrayal of both male and female Hero Architypes. Jung (1969) believed archetypal themes impress, influence and fascinate our ego, invoking deep and intense emotional responses. If Jungs theories are correct the repeated portrayal of masculine dominance on screen has the potential to impact the most important and central architype of the psychic, the self, a representation of wholeness and totality, a unification of the conscious and unconscious mind (Jung, 1969). Jung (Stevens, 1990) emphasised the importance of not assuming the symbolic meaning of a male or female character he believed it is far more important to recognise the characteristics and context of these symbols, establishing if you are dealing with the Animus or Anima, abstract symbol sets that formulate the archetype of the Self. Neither male nor female they are a representation of the masculine and feminine aspects of the psychic Dr. Stacy Smith (2014) realised the study gender bias without borders this study looked at 120 films in the most influential films. The results of this study showed that 23.3 percent of lead or co lead roles in film are female. These figures were mirrored off screen showing that 20.5 percent of filmmakers were female. The results also showed when a film was created by a female, either in directing or writing there was an increase of lead females and the quality of their portrayal on screen. It is clear from these results that there is an issue of gender imbalance on screen. This imbalance could be explained by linking back to Jungs theory (1969), that architypes can influence our physic and comparing this to a statement by Campbell (2004) All of the great mythologies and much of the mythic story-telling of the world are from the male point of view. If all of our great mythologies are from the male point of view, it could be argued that this repeated influence has led to an over attachment to the use of masculine energy in the portrayal of power, Smith (2004) alludes to this stating This explanation reflects the old age, write what you know. To explore these theories, this essay will focus on two of the most successful films featuring female protagonists. The first Alien is written from the male perspective. The second Hunger games, is written from the female perspective. These films will be compared first to attempt to find a link between writer and character and second to explore the possible future portrayal of heroes. Alien Ridley Scotts Ripley is commonly used as a reference to a positive portrayal of a female hero, appearing on screen as the main protagonist of 1979 film Alien. Ripley however was originally created as male. In an interview with Empire magazine (2012) Ridley Scott explains the reasoning behind his female adaption stating She would be the last one you would think to survive, shes beautiful This statement gives credence to the idea of the feminine in Alien being used to display weakness. Alien is widely known as the movie in which all sexual analyses have some basis. In the Alien saga (2002) Dan OBannon explains that sexual imagery was wielded as a tool to unsettle the audience stating One thing that people are all disturbed about is sex. Everybodys always all in a known about sex. I said thats how Im going to attack the audience. Im going to attack them sexually Ellen Ripley, is played by Sigourney Weaver , she fights against two antagonists, the first an alien creature that interestingly dawns both male and female reproductive organs, while the second antagonist, Ash, an android possess no reproductive organs though he is portrayed as a male character. This mix of genders and sexual symbolism makes this film an interesting tool for the exploration of gender bias and architypes. The first introduction to the cast of this film is representative of the birthing of a child. The crew rest in hyperbolic chambers shaped like basinets. These chambers are placed in a circular pattern; at the core of this circle is a locking mechanism, controlled by mother, the ships navigator. As mother awakens the crew the room is flooded with light. This sequence of images could be interrupted as a representation of the Self-Architype and its symbolic circular image (Jung, 1978). The crew, placed in the circle could be seen as the rebirthing and unification of the psychic as it prepares to deal with the path ahead (Henderson 1963). We then see the crew in their ordinary world eating breakfast. The crew are given their call to adventure when mother informs has awoken them due a signal received from a derelict ship. Many of the crew Refuse the call believing this signal could be a warning. Mother acting as the supernatural aid knows the true reason for sending them on this quest Once the crew being to explore their environment as H.R Gigers sexual Imagery becomes clear. The crew approach the openings of the Alien ship, which Giger (2011) admittedly designed to resemble the vaginal entrance. They Cross the threshold and enter. The crew enter the control centre of the ship, in the centre of this chamber sits a large phallic protrusion; inside sits an alien pilot. The placement of this phallic symbol is particularly interesting as the first sexual representation of masculine energy (Fink, 2004) it is depicted in a place of power and control. The crew comes across a derelict chamber resembling the womb or Belly of the whale which holds a large cluster of eggs, one of the crew is attacked by a face hugger and rushed back to the ship. Ripley refuses to allow the face hugger, now attached to a crew member, onto the ship. Ash, Ripleys male counterpart dismisses her command and opens the ship doors. Ash determines that the Face Hugger is keeping Kane alive via the penetrative insertion of a proboscis to his throat; according to Bannon (2002) this was a deliberate representation of male oral rape . Im going to attack them sexually Im going to put in every image I can think of that I know will make the men in the audience cross their legs, Homosexual oral rape. Dan O Bannon This act is an intriguing aspect in regards to gender, on one side men are made as vulnerable a women, but on the opposing side this penetrative act gives dominant power to the masculine energy of the Alien (Dworkin , 1987 ) . Later the corpse of the face hugger is discovered, Ripley does not want the corpse examined but again Ash ignores her command. In this examination the Face huggers underbelly is shown, now in a submissive positon its proboscis is retracted exposing a representation of the female genitalia. The crew are united again for a meal and enter the Road of trials as a phallic shaped Chest Burster is birthed from a crewmate. Bannon (2002) stated that his use of birth in this scene was designed to create discomfort in male viewers, however his process of using a female act to add vulnerability to a male character could be perceived as weakening the feminine. Ripley Later learns the secret kept by Mother and Ash in her meeting with the goddess The Weyland Yutani Corporations true mission is to collect alien specimens acting as the Temptress they view the crew as expendable. Ripley Confronts Ash, in a classic Attornment of the Father scene. The confrontation becomes aggressive. Ash is exposed as an android becoming the Shape Shifter Architype; he overpowers Ripley, rolls up a stack of papers into a phallic shape and forces them down Ripleys Throat , this adds to strengthening of Masculine energy and weakling of the feminine. Ripley is saved by a male crew mate. She reconstructs Ash, entering the Apotheosis stage she gains information from him. Ripley realises their ship must be destroyed for the crew to escape with their lives the ultimate boon. The remaining crew are destroyed; Ripley the sole survivor enters the Magical Fight with the Alien as she tries to make her way to an escape pod before the ship self-destructs. Ripley reaches the escape pod, standing now as a powerful hero she begins to undress, she then bends over in a pose that resembles an animistic display of submission, this scene could be interpreted as a removal of Ripleys power (Fazio, 1986) Ripley realises the alien on-board the escape pod, earning the Freedom to live she rejects the alien into space. Re-entering hibernation, Ripley is shown in the fetal position; this could suggest her return to the womb to be rebirthed as a new character. (Jung, 1978) The Hunger Games The Hunger game is a Science fiction novel written by Suzanne Collins, this novel was adapted into a series of films under the same name. This story follows Katniss Everdeen as she embarks on Campbells Heros journey. We are first introduced to The Ordinary World , ruled by President Snow the archetypical Old King. This kings dominance is depicted in the cultural values of this society. Split in two classes the lower districts, shown to be inhabited by a struggling class of humble and moral people and the capital, Snows domain, lavished in decadence and modernity. Snow rules though intimidation and manipulation. The soulless nature of The Capital is highlighted by its unwavering support of The Hunger Games. These games are cruel and violent, created by Snow, they point to the absence of the Queen archetype. Snow rules alone, he is purely masculine, lacking in totality, with no feminine counterpart. This absence of feminine qualities leaves the people restricted as according to Jung (1995) permanent loss of the anima, means a diminution of vitality of flexibility and of human kindness. The capitol is surrounded by the Lower districts; these districts are forced to participate in The Hunger Games, sacrificing one male and female tribute. To survive these tributes must garner sponsorship, typically from the people of the capital. They must sell themselves by fulfilling the desires of their captors. Katniss Everdeen is the protagonist of this story; her very name draws associations to her character type. Cat an association of the feminine power (Fontana, 1993) sleek, and cunning and evergreen, symbolising natural life the nourishing soil of the soul (Sabini, 2002). Katniss is a young woman, innocent and open she exhibits feminine energy. In her first introduction she appears trusting and humble, unlike the surrounding raped and soulless society. The feminine side of Katniss could represent the potential birth of the new generation, placing her in the role of potential Queen. Katniss also exhibits masculine energy; she shows courage in The Hunger Games while exhibiting physical attributes strength and focuses to master her sill with a bow, a skill she learned to provide for and protect her family. This masculine energy also highlights her ability to fulfil the role of King. Katniss is reminiscent of Artemis, the Greek Goddess, skilled with a bow, strong, nurturing, protective and connected to nature (DEste, 2005). Our first introduction to Katniss shows her hunting a deer, a symbol commonly liked to the portrayal of Artemis. This mix of feminine and masculine energy leads to a potentially interesting dynamic. It could be said that Panem does not merely need a female leader, but a unified one, both male and female, mother and father. Katniss is born in the twelfth district, twelve in Gematria, is a representation of totality (Dennis, 2007), a symbol of synergy between the anima and animus (Jung, 1969). This coal miner district is also similar in design to Nazareth, the domain of Jesus. She understands through her experiences the darkness minorities face under the rule of Panem. Archetypically this could be linked to Judeo-Christian tradition and the tale of Job seeing the dark side of God. (Jung 1969) When in the capital Katniss is a link back to nature, the light in the dark, a place to be purified, embodying what Jung called the the two million-year-old man within. Katniss receives her Call to Adventure when her sister is chosen as tribute. She displays warmth and understanding, sacrificing herself to free her. This symbol of courage is the embodiment of what Jesus believed is needed in a world filled with difficulties; she is as shrewd as serpents and as innocent as doves. (Matthew 10:16) Katniss Crosses the threshold as she boards a train to take her to the capital. She is visibly disturbed by the opulence in front of her which starkly contrasts the modest home she is leaving behind. According to Campbell (1949) every hero needs allies; Katniss is no exception to his rule. Traditionally these allies are unexpected with a unique understanding of the world. It is in his fashion that Katniss meets her literal and archetypal Mentor the drunken Haymitch Abernathy. Katniss soon learns that the Haymitchs battle with alcoholism and disconnected nature is a direct result of his assimilation into the society of the capital, a soulful man in a soulless world , forced to train tributes who will be sent to their death . As Haymitch begins to train Katniss he begins to notice the unique nature of her personally, this is where he transforms into the archetypal mentor teaching Katniss the importance of presentation and catering to the whims of the sponsors. Early in the story we are shown that Katniss does not view her mother in the archetypical sense, it is only when she arrives at the capital that we are introduced to the true Mother Architype, the anima to Haymitchs animus and a symbol of societal oppression, the African American male, Cinna. Cinnas introduction marks the entry to Campbells Tests, Allies and Enemies stage of the Monomyth (1949). Cinna is a sensitive and nurturing character, wielding his knowledge in beauty, grace and sensuous flare he, along with Haymitch, trains Katniss, who now captivates the Capital. Cinnas techniques to transform Katniss are very similar to that of Cinderellas Fairy Godmother. He does not change Katniss; he instead reflects her inner self and beauty to the audience. Cinna supports and balances Katniss keeping her grounded and disconnected from the temptations and power of the capital. Cinna offers her a symbol of comfort, her Mocking Jay pin, as she enters The Inner Most Cave , the arena. When Katniss enters the games she acquires a young ally Rue The Innocent Child. Rues entry to the story marks the beginning of The Ordeal as she directs Katniss to the wasp nest she uses against her attackers. Rue is an African American girl, from the agricultural district; district eleven. Rue could be seen as a representation of slavery and racism in Panem. Despite the attempts of Katniss to protect the child, she soon becomes The Sacrifice, used to empathetically connect the twelve districts. After the death of her friend the game makers change the rules, stating that there may be two victors of the games, as long as they both come from the same district. Katniss seeks out Peeta her fellow tribute from district twelve and soon makes a new ally. Earlier in the story we were shown Katniss and Peeta training together, but she suspected, to save himself, he had turned against her. Peeta is redeemed when he suggests a group of competitors wait her out rather than climbing a tree to kill her. Peeta like Katniss is an interesting mix of feminine and masculine energy, he is strong but does not wish fight, instead he chooses for hide from his competitors. Peeta decorates cakes for a living, this shows his delicate side, but he is also stubborn, insisting the games will not change who he is. Peeta confesses his love for Katniss; he is injured and taking on the role of Damsel in Distress requires her aid. Katniss is now faced with a moral dilemma; the audience views the pair as the Shakespearian Star crossed lovers. Katniss deceives the audience and goes along with this charade to receive aid from the sponsors. Meanwhile her true love, Gale, who name suggests a well-developed anima, is waiting and watching these events unfold from district twelve. This is a difficult decision and turning point for Katniss; she manipulates the people to get what she needs, a very masculine move, more suited to President Snow. This arguably is a skill needed in a potential leader. Katniss retrieves medicine and Peeta is healed; now their only competitor left in the arena is Cato. It is in this final confrontation that we see Katniss Seizing the Sword as she knocks Cato into a pack of creatures and Receives her reward leaving Katniss and Peeta as the victors, at least for a short time. The game makers suddenly change the rules forcing Katniss into The Road Back. There can be only one victor of the hunger games. Peeta offers himself as a sacrifice but Katniss refuses. She shows her cunning side as she enters the resurrection stage of the Monomyth. Katniss decides they will both consume poison berries; this act would kill both competitors leaving the games with no victor. As Katniss predicts the rules are changed again, both competitors win the games. Peeta and Katniss will now live a life of luxury this could be seen as The Return with the Elixer, but the elixir in this story is far more important. Katniss has openly defied President Snow becoming an example to the lower districts. This act could lead to a rebellion. The true elixir of this journey is given to the lower classes at the moment of her victory, hope. Characters like Katniss Everdeen have the potential to change the assumed characteristics of the hero architypes, but this type of portrayal is still an uncommon occurrence, is that occurrence due to a misunderstanding of the hero architype or an overall issue of gender imbalance in media. This character could be marking Jungs paradigm shift and what he believed would be the necessary emergence of positive archetypal feminine energies (Rowland, 2009), a true female hero. Refrences Jung, Carl and Dell, S.M. (1939). The Integration of the Personality (English translation). New York: Farrar Rinehart. Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Routledge. Retrieved 2014-01-19. Jung quoted in Anthony Stevens On Jung (London 1990) p. 206 Gender Bias without Borders. shared by UNWomen on Sep 22, 2014 An investigation of female characters in popular films across 11 countries.Sep 22, 2014 Joseph Campbell, Pathways to Bliss: Mythology and Personal Transformation, Edited by David Kudler. Novato, California: New World Library, 2004, pp. 145, 159. The Alien saga 2002 special editon C. G. Jung ed., Man and his Symbols (London 1978) p. 120 The Wisdom of the Serpent, Book by Joseph L. Henderson and Maud Oakes ,Originally published: 1963 Lacan to the Letter,April 14, 2004 by Bruce Fink (Author) p 169 Intercourse is a 1987 book by Andrea Dworkin on the Automatic Activation of Attitudes (1986) Russell H.Fazio, David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha C. Powell, and Frank R. Kardes C.G. Jungs Complex Dynamics and the Clnical Relationship: One Map for Mystery p 55 Brenda A. Donahue , Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2003 Psychology 287 pages The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious By Carl Gustav Jung Page 4 1995 P1 Meredith Sabini 2002 The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism: Second Edition Book by Geoffrey W. Dennis 2007 Journal of Analytical Psychology,2009, 54 ,697-715 Ghost and self: Jungs paradigm shiftand a response to Zinkin , Susan Rowland,London