Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl - Essay Example Yet, the polemic of the novel often distorts our perception of the heroine, driving the focuses from the multidimensional nature of a really existing human being to her reactions to the conditions of her slave life. It is preferable to analyze Harriet Jacobs’ (Linda Brent’) personality with the help of psychology. Linda’s childhood was happy and serene till she was six. Born in a family of beautiful and intelligent mulattoes, she â€Å"was so fondly shielded† that she never dreamed she was â€Å"a piece of merchandise, trusted to them for safe keeping, and liable to be demanded of them at any moment† (11-12). The death of her mother was the first blow. Then she learnt she was a slave. Yet, Linda did not realize the entire sense of the word for the following six years. She was taken to the house of her mistress, the foster sister of her mother, who treated the girl well and taught her to read and write, though it was forbidden by law. Though the mistress tried to replace the girl’s dead mother, she did not keep her promise to give freedom to the girl and her brother. This was a bitter truth poisoning the girl’s perception of the mistress. I would give much to blot out from my memory that one great wrong. As a child, I loved my mistress; and, looking back on t he happy days I spent with her, I try to think with less bitterness of this act of injustice. While I was with her, she taught me to read and spell; and for this privilege, which so rarely falls to the lot of a slave, I bless her memory (16). These lines convey the inner conflict, which Linda continued experiencing even as a grown-up. On the one hand, she understood that that her mistress behaved like most of whites, that she, Linda, was only a kind of a doll for the woman, who played with her without really caring of her. On the other hand, the mistress was Linda’s substitution of the dead mother, and Linda strove for happy recollections of her childhood,

Influence on the General Motors Corporation Essay Example for Free

Influence on the General Motors Corporation Essay This report analyzes the primary internal and external influence on the General Motors Corporation and the influence of changing political environment on policy making and response of the corporation. Then the report discusses the changing political environment in and its influence. The influences of political environment on policies and decision making to the corporation are analyzed. The corporation response to the political environment changing is critically evaluated. At last, some improvement suggestion for the corporation in the response of the changing political environment is demonstrated. IntroductionGeneral Motors Corporation is the largest automobile manufactures in the world. The corporation, which is located in Detroit, employs more than 260 millions people and sells cars and trucks in about 35 countries. The corporation has a dominant influence in automobile market in the United States and other developed market such as the United Kingdom, Canada and so on. The corporation also enjoys a large market share in the rapid growing market of developing countries such as China and Brazil. However, the corporation is in face of changing internal and external environment. Discussion and AnalysisIn the first part of the report, the primary internal and external influence is analyzed following the SWOT Matrix, which is a modern tool for analysis of internal and external environment. In the SWOT Matrix, the S stands for strengths, W for weaknesses, O for opportunities, and T for threats. The strengths and weaknesses are the analysis of internal influence while the opportunities and threats stand for the influence of external environments. In the following part of the report, the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats that have influence of the organization is discussed one by one. Internal influence: Strengths This section analyzes the internal strengths of the corporation. The General Motors are rich in brands and product lines. The General Motors Corporation acquired and mergers many brands and auto companies in the early stage of its history. The General Motors Corporation acquired Buick and Oldsmobile after it is founded. Then it brought Cadillac, Elmore and Oakland and so on. As a result, the corporation owns many brands  which are fit for different segmented markets. Comparing to Fords only providing black Model T cars in the early years the General Motors Corporation provides various models, colors and brands for different markets. For example, the practical and economical Chevrolet are designed for entry level consumers, the Buick are make for middle class buyer and luxury Cadillac for high end consumers. (Warell, 2008) The advantage of multi brands strategy is to satisfy the needs and wants of different group of consumers to enter more segmented markets. The multi brands make GM a giant automaker and enjoys large market share. The General Motors Corporation has the strength that it governs the advance technology and has an influencing power in the distribution channel. The General Motors Corporation has developed for a century since it is founded in 1908. During the time, the technology and channel influence is accumulating and increasing. The technology is of great importance in the motor industry, but the technology accumulating needs a long period. The General Motors Corporation now governs the advanced technology that it can make more sophisticated automobiles which are more durable, more safety, and have a rapider speed. On the other hand, the General Motors Corporation has a dominant power in the distribution channel. The General Motors Corporation has been the top automobile manufacturer for a long time accordingly it has a strong bargaining power in the distribution channel. The corporation can distribute it product in the United States and all around the world. The technology and distribution chan nel can be a great assistant in the further development of the organization. Internal influence: Weaknesses This section analyzes the internal weaknesses of the corporation. One of the most significant weaknesses is that the cost of production is too high. The Japanese automakers such as Toyota are dangerous competitors for the General Motors Corporation and the have scrambled for quite a large part of market shares if the GM in America and the global markets. The Japanese competitors cut down the cost tremendously by lean production. However, the production cost is still high in the General Motors Corporation. And the inefficiency of production cause the high price of its automobiles and the market share shrinks accordingly.  (Coffey, 2005) Especially in face of the financial crisis, the General Motors Corporation has much to learn form lean production to cut down its production prices. The bureaucratic culture is another weakness in the corporation. The General Motors Corporation employs more than 260 millions staff, which composes a huge and complex organization. The General Motors Corporation had taken the lead in organization. For example, the corporation had injected into matrix organization that combined the functional and project patterns of department in the same corporation in early years. The General Motors Corporation also organized with strategic business unit that classified products and product lines in the same independent business department in ahead of other corporations. The decentralization makes each department a profit centre. However, after ages of development the departments and business units concerns more on their own benefits and become bureaucratic. The well defined division of departments and united became deficiency and resistance to change. Formal and informal networks formed in the corporation. The bureaucratic culture is accumulating and hander the further development of the corporation. External influence: Opportunities This section analyzes the external opportunities of the corporation. The emerging markets of developing countries provide a great opportunity for the General Motors Corporation. The market of developed countries is fully covered and closed to saturation in the modern days. For example, in the United States there are two cars in a family in average so the market can not keep a rapid growing rate. On the country, market in developing countries shows their potential. The sales volume in China and Brazil is second only to the market of the United States. Many international automaker groups are scrambling for these markets. The large and potential markets of developing countries will provide opportunities for the corporation. The achievement in technology is a great opportunities for the General Motors Corporation. The technology makes breakthrough achievement in fields of information, manufacturing, fuel and so on. The advance of information  technology and implementation of management information system make it possible to collect and analysis accurate data and information all around the huge organization. The computers and instant communication tool help the corporation to organize and manage the supply chain. The new methods in manufacturing, such as lean production, can increase the efficiency of production while cutting down the cost. The leading edge achievement on fuel and new energy engine can promote the upgrade of automobiles. The General Motors Corporation is huge enough to afford the cost of RD center and the implement of new technology, which in turn can raise the competency of the corporation. (Sengi et al, 2004) External influence: Threats This section analyzes the external threats of the corporation. The increasingly growing price of petroleum is a threat to the General Motors Corporation. On the one hand, consumers turn to other transport tools when they can not afford the high petro price. On the other hand, they want to purchase energy saving automobiles. Many products of the General Motors Corporation are large in size and heavy in weight and they are high fuel consumption motors. The fluctuation of oil price has a negative effect on the sales volume of the automobile of the General Motors Corporation. Some political affaires such as wars and conflictions in the Middle East, the oil shock caused by OPEC with economic and political purpose, the environment protection organizations anti-automobile movement and so on, enhance the threats of oil price turbulence. The competition, both in the United States and the global market, is a vital threat to the General Motors Corporation. There are three automaker giants in the United States. They are the General Motors, Ford, and Daimler Chrysler. They compete fierce in the United States and in global market. In the Europe, there are strong competitors such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Peugeot etc. In the 1970s, with the raising of oil price, some Japanese automakers gradually seized the automobile market shares. The low cost and energy saving cars, such as Toyota, Honda and so on became world famous brands. More and more automobile brands enter into the United States and they also scramble the global automobile market. (Loomis, 2006) They compete and try to meet consumers different needs and wants with lower production cost. The competition in and abroad America is fierce and threats the  survival of the General Motors Corporation. The following is the second part of the report. This section of the report discusses the changing environment in and aboard the United States. First, the influences of political environment on policies and decision making to the General Motors Corporation will be analyzed. Second, the corporation response to the political environment changing will be critically evaluated. At last, some improvement suggestion for the corporation in the response of the changing political environment will be demonstrated. Influence on policies and decision makingThis section analyzes the influence of political environment change on the policies and decision making of the corporation. The political environment has great influence on the operation of the General Motors Corporation. One of the key political influences of the General Motors Corporation and automobile industry is the increased protectionism for fear of the decline of employment in the industry. The major automakers employ so many employees that the decline of automobile sales volume will cause the significant increase of unemployment in a country. As a result, many governments tend to support the automobile industry, no matter in the form of fund assistant, protective tariff or quota. The government of the United States has a tradition of protecting its automobile industry. For example, the America government used high protective tariff to protect the automakers from the competitors from Europe and Japan in the last century. The government also gave financial assistant to the automaker that is at the verge of bankruptcy such as Chrysler. In the modern time, the automakers fall into trap again and the financial crisis enhance the tendency. The America government aims to give a large quantity of money to the automakers and use other protection methods to protect the automobile industry. It can be seem that the changing of political environment has significant influence on the policy and decision making of the General Motors Corporation. (Bowler et al, 1996) However, different presents and its government in the United States may have different attitudes on the protectionism of the Automobile industry. The General Motors Corporation should take serious consideration on the change of political environment and make full use of it. The Country Alliances and Economic Blocs and other regional cooperation organizations are another main tendency of the political environment. The competition extends form national to blocs, even global. (Cho, 1998) The North American Free Trade Agreement, which including the United States, Canada, and Mexico, formed in 1994 with the purpose of freeing the trade, eliminating tax barriers and promoting fair trade in the North America. The NAFTA also extended to Free Trade Area of the Americas, which including country in the North America, Latin America and Caribbean countries. Many European countries ally with each other to form the European Union. After years of development, the union own 27 membership countries and creates a common economic area, in which people move and trade freely. There are many other Country Alliances and Economic Blocs such as Association of Southeast Asian and so on. The political tendency of regional cooperation requires the top managers of the General Motors Corporation to consider and resolve the benefit conflicts between one power countries blogs and another when making decisions and policies. The Country Alliances and Economic Blocs and other regional cooperation organizations provide opportunities for the automobile manufacturers but the organizations in other area also became threat to the United States. The decisions and policies makers of the General Motors Corporation have to make strategy to cope with the tariff and nontariff barriers within and between the Country Alliances and Economic Blocs. The corporation should rethink its strategy. (Tay, 2007) The structure of the corporation according to different regional cooperation organizations should be considered when making decisions and policies. (Sastry, 1997) The new staffing and leading methods to deal with culture diversity also influence the policy and decision making of the Genera l Motors Corporation. The labor union, environmental organization and other political groups are gaining more and more power. The United Auto Workers is a key labor union in the automobile manufacturing industry. The union fights for the benefits of workers such as less working hours, more salaries, health insurance and pensions and so on. The labor union cause the high cost of the General Motors Corporation. The total expense on employees is almost twice as much as the workers in other industry in the United States, and much more than  the employees in competitors factories, such as Honda and Toyota. (Benders and Morita, 2004) The union is blamed as the reason of the uncompetitive of the General Motors Corporation and the crisis of the automobile industry. However, the methods to deal with the strong political power are the problem to the policies and decisions makers of the General Motors Corporation. In 2007, the United Auto Workers went on a strike against the General Motors Corporation, which causes tremendously negative effects on the General Motors Corporation. So the policies and decisions of the corporation should balance the interest of the employees. The environmental organizations are gaining more and more power. With the increasingly dangerous environment problems, many green groups, which become independent and influencing political power, claim for the protection of the earth. Motor vehicle exhaust is considered as the main effects of the greenhouse effect. Some green groups are against the using of automobiles, which cause the decline of the automobile sales volume. As the increasing of environment protection power and the widely acceptance of the green opinion, the managers should make new policies and decisions such as designing alternative fuels vehicles. Evaluation of GMs responseThis section critically evaluates the corporations response to the changing political environment. In face of the dynamic changing political environment, the General Motors Corporation makes some responses accordingly. The General Motors Corporation makes full use of the protectionism policies and financial assistance of the government to maximize its benefits. In order to be more influence in political, the General Motors Corporation spends a lot of money on political contributions. Statistics shows that the General Motors Corporation spent quite a lot of money as the political contribution for both the Democrats and the Republicans. The spending on lobbying the members of parliament is also quite large. Besides the political contributions, the General Motors Corporation also spends plenty of money on charities. For example, the General Motors Corporation is the exclusive financial source of Safe Kids Buckle Up program, which protect the children through ed ucation and inspection. The political and charitable contributions are positive and active response to the changing political environment. On the one hand, the General Motors Corporation strengthens its influence and enhances the  connection with the government. On the other hand, the corporation undertaken its social responsibility, which wins the corporation positive reputation so the General Motors Corporation can easily get the support when in crisis and consumers tend to purchase automobiles of the corporation. In the behavior of giving political and charitable contribution, the General Motors Corporation well response to the political change and gain more political influence, which helps the corporation get protection from the government. The Country Alliances and Economic Blocs and other regional cooperation organizations are a main political change these decades. In order to minimize the hindrance and the conflict between different Economic Blocs, the General Motors Corporation makes trade strategy, ally with other automaker group, and establish joint venture in some countries. For example, the United States and China have different ideologies and economic situations and they belong to different Country Alliances and Economic Blocs. The Chinese government forbids the wholly foreign owned subsidiary in the automobile industry. The China customs also charge tariff on the automobiles. In order to enter the market of other Country Alliances and Economic Blocs, the General Motors Corporation establishes joint venture with Chinese company. The Shanghai GM joint venture is created by the General Motors Corporation and a Chinese company, in which the automobiles of Chinas market were manufactured. The General Motors Corporation brings advance technology, operation experience to the venture. The joint venture employs local workers whose salaries are quite low comparing with the workers of the United Auto Union. The joint venture brings profits for both sides and the General Motors Corporation avoids the high tariff and nontariff protection between different countries and different Economic Blocs. The General Motors Corporation makes an effective response to cover the gap between the Country Alliances and Economic Blocs. The labor union and environmental organization become increasingly influencing political powers. The General Motors Corporation tries hard to response properly to the increasingly strong power of the labor union. The United Auto Union is blame as the cause of uncompetitive of the General Motors Corporation for the members salaries in the union are much higher than its foreign competitors. The General Motors Corporation tries to cut down costs of the workforces in face of the financial crisis and problem of the automobile industry. The General Motors Corporation makes a policy of eliminating the lifetime health benefits of the white collar retirees. It is a hard decision after negotiation to response the political environment change and the automobile industry crisis. The General Motors Corporation has a long way to go, but it has taken a constructive step to response to the changing of political environment. In response to the political force of green groups, the General Motors Corporation designs energy saving vehicles which implement alternative fuels and electric. The corporation researches and designs some alternative technology vehicles and some flex fuel burning vehicles. The General Motors Corporation also builds an automotive battery laboratory to research on battery for the electric vehicles. The hybrid electric vehicles are a more practicable automobile in the future. The General Motors Corporation introduced the hybrid concept vehicle in 2005. Up to now, the corporation owes several hybrid electric automobile models and even all electric vehicles. The General Motors Corporation does a good job in developing alternative fuels and electric vehicles in response to the environment protection political power. Areas for improvementThis section demonstrates some areas for improvement of the corporation. The General Motors Corporation does well in response to the challenge of changing political environment. However, there are still some areas for improvement for the corporation. The most important improvement area is to raise the manufacturing efficiency. The average cost of manufacturing in the General Motors Corporation is high comparing with its main competitors such as Toyota. The Toyota is scrambling the market share of the GM little by little in the United States and all around the world. The competitiveness of Toyota come form the low cost caused from lean production. The core spirit of lean product is more value with less work. The purpose of production is to provide value to the final consumers. The expense for other goals is considered as a waste, by which the waste of resource is eliminated and the manufacturing efficiency promoted. It can introduce advance assembly line and reorg anize the logistic department,  through which the supply chain is organized. (Kochan, 2003) The lean production and be combined with six sigma quality and total quality management to maximize the efficiency and cut down the cost. (Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park, 2006)The General Motors Corporation can make a reform on culture. It can build a harmonious culture as in Japanese automobile manufacturing factories to coordinate the relationship and benefits between managers and workers. On the one hand, the harm of the Union Auto Workers can be minimized and the cost of manufacture can be cut down. On the other hand, the harmonious culture can promote the efficiency of manufacturing. The General Motors Corporation also needs to fight against the bureaucratic culture. The organization structure can be reformed and reconstructed break out the barriers between different departments and stimulate the cooperation of different profit centers. Different methods can also be implemented to motivate confidence, communicate and collaborate between staff in different level. ConclusionThis report analyzes the internal and external environment of the General Motors Corporation in the first paragraph and then discusses the changing political environment of the corporation. In analysis, the strengths of branding strategy and advantage in technology and channel, the weaknesses of high production cost and bureaucratic culture, the opportunities of emerging markets and achievement of technology, and the threats of petroleum price fluctuation and strong competitors are analyzed with the SWOT model. In the second part of the report, the influence of political environment change is discussed in three perspectives. They are the protectionism from government, the tendency of Country Alliances and Economic Blocs, and the growing in strength of labor union, green groups and other political groups. Their influence on policies and decision making and the response of the corporation are analyzed and critically evaluated. Then some suggestions are given on several areas for improvement of the corporation. Recommendations As is analyzed in above, the General Motors Corporation can improve in two ways. First, the corporation can introduce new manufacturing methods, such as the lean production, the six sigma quality and total  quality management and so on. By implementing advanced manufacture methods, the corporation can promote its efficiency in manufacturing while reducing the cost. Second, the corporation can build a harmonious culture and fight against the bureaucratic culture, through which the barriers between different departments are broken while the staff in the corporation is motivated. Reference: Benders, J. and Morita, M. (2004), Changes in Toyota Motors operations management, International Journal of Production Research, 42(3), pp: 433-45. Bowler, S. et al. (1996), The growth of the political marketing industry and the California initiative proces European Journal of Marketing, 30(10/11), pp: 166-78. Cho, D.S. (1998), From national competitiveness to bloc and global competitiveness Competitiveness Review, 8(1), pp: 11-23. Coffey, D. (2005), Delineating comparative flexibility in car assembly: the problem of wide selection International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, 5(1), pp: 18-31. Dahlgaard, J.J. and Dahlgaard-Park, S.M. (2006), Lean production, six sigma quality, TQM and company culture The TQM Magazine, 18(3), pp: 263-81. Kochan, A. (2003), GM creates flexible assembly line at its Ellesmere Port plant in the UK Assembly Automation, 23(1), pp: 32-5. Loomis, C.J. (2006), The tragedy of General Motors, Fortune, 153 (3), pp: 31-45. Sastry, M.A. (1997), Problems and paradoxes in a model of punctuated organizational change, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), pp: 237-75. Sengir, G.H. et al (2004), Modeling relationship dynamics in GMs research-institution partnerships, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 15(7), pp: 541-59. Tay, H.K. (2007), Rethinking competition in the world auto market: cultural determinants, strategic Strategy Leadership, 35(4), pp: 31-7. Warell, A. (2008), Multi-modal visual experience of brand-specific automobile design The TQM Journal, 20(4), pp: 356-71.

Microsoft Giving :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Microsoft Corporation obviously sets a high standard for employee volunteerism and community service. For the past twenty years, the company has placed a higher importance on philanthropy than any other technology based corporation(â€Å"Microsoft Giving Overview†,2000). But why does Microsoft devote so much effort when they are not required to? Why do they spend literally hundreds of millions of dollars every year on donations, volunteer programs, and disaster relief?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The simplest answer to this question is that it’s a good business strategy(â€Å"Questions About Workplace Volunteerism†,2000). Every major corporation in the country makes some kind of contribution to the community. Even most small businesses will sponsor a little league team or make a small donation to the local PTA. One part of a good business strategy is creating a reputation as a fair and humble corporation. Microsoft’s reputation as a fair and respectful operation is far from unblemished. After recent books, articles, and films, it is common knowledge to many people that Microsoft was founded on the ideas and inventions of other people. Microsoft’s reputation suffered especially during its anti-trust difficulties from 1998-1999. During this time, the US government accused the corporation of trying to form a monopoly and attempting to force competition out of the market. Public opinion holds heavy weight in our judicial system. It has been suggested that this is the reason Microsoft has expanded there giving programs since 1998. The simple truth is that the average person doesn’t care if Microsoft forms a monopoly, because it doesn’t affect their lives. However, if a flood is about to wipe out the town a person lives in or if a person can’t find a job because they lack technological training and Microsoft helps them, then that person along with the thousands of others who’s lives are a little bit better because of Microsoft may take an interest in how the government is treating the company. Perhaps then some of the people Microsoft have helped or someone who has heard about the good work done by the corporation see a Microsoft sponsored commercial where Bill Gates explains the rule of free enterprise and everyone’s right to make an honest dollar. These people, now convinced of the raw deal Microsoft is getting, may write a letter to their congressman or fill out a petition in support of Microsoft. Although the government was successful against Microsoft in the first few anti-trust lawsuits, the decisions were soon after overturned.

Arnold Fiend/ No Friend Essay

A protagonist by the name of Connie in the story short story entitled â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been† by Joyce Carol Oates, soon learns that her trashy daydreams and self-absorbed behavior only leads to disaster by way of a man named Arnold Friend. Arnold Friend character in this story represents the devil. Connie, a horny high school freshman shows a strong disdain for family values but more concern with social reputation and slutty appearances. As the summer approaches she and her high school girlfriends obnoxiously parade the town seeking amusement from boys. Sneaky and scantily clad, Connie deceives her parents on a regular basis. While around her parents Connie dresses conservative and behaves graciously, reversely, in company of her friends she goes for the hooker look and carries herself as if she were a mindless teenage squander. Soon trouble finds it way in this rebellious teen’s life as she become more curious about her developing sexuality. In this exciting short story, Joyce Oates thrilled the reader with an intense built up suspense followed by a promising and thought provoking climax that not even the main character/ Connie could see coming. The story of a young naive and considerably dense girl takes place in a country suburb in a small and slow paced town. The story is told through the eyes of a mature, relaxed elder. The reader recognizes the use of music, as it holds a hypnotizing effect upon the young socialite as she endeavors a journey that leads to disaster. Vain and socially obscure, Connie feels confronted with the constant comparison of her older and more mature sister named June. More accepted and valued by her parents, June assisted in household chores and earnestly saved money. By ontrast, Connie’s friends did not accept June; she was favored more by her parents. â€Å"She sat on the bed, barefoot and listened for an hour and a half to a program called XYZ Sunday Jamboree, record after record of hard fast shrieking songs, she sang along with† (Giota/Oates) Following the need to engage in rebellious and worldly activities, Connie held immature aspirations of seeking thrills, the main character foolishly wastes her time thinking of nothing and listening to music all day, she shows no thought or action of obtaining more substance in her character. Connie’s worldly and promiscuous behavior soon attracts the devil himself. Honestly speaking, with the time Connie spent daydreaming about trash, she could have sought to become enlightened and about anything, be it family or world issues, but instead she chose to be a lofty regular at a local burger joint. Jane Barstow from the Salem press analyzes Connie’s actions: â€Å"For Connie, â€Å"the bright-lit, fly-infested restaurant† is a â€Å"sacred building† and the omnipresent music is like a â€Å"church service† always in the background, something on which she can depend. As if to parody Christian symbolism, Oates describes the â€Å"grinning boy,† holding a hamburger aloft, which caps the bottle-shaped restaurant. It is here that Connie finds the â€Å"haven and blessing† otherwise missing in her life. Barstow, (Jane) M. â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. † Masterplots II: Short Story Series, Revised Edition (2004): 1-3. MagillOnLiterature Plus. Web. 6 June 2012. Sadly, it was Connie’s idle mind attracted the devilish and scheming Arnold Friend. Connie refused to go to a Sunday BBQ with her family and chose instead to idle at home alone. Arnold Friend, a deceitful thirty- something portrays himself as a innocent eighteen year old he approaches Connie and ultimately rapes her. Through his convincing tone and devilish persistence, Arnold friend is viewed by most literary critics as Satan himself, The story has been subject to differing interpretations by various critics. It has been seen as an inverted fairy tale in which Connie is joined not with Prince Charming but with the Prince of Darkness. These readers have pointed out similarities between Arnold Friend and the devil: his disguise, his supernatural knowledge of the whereabouts of Connie’s family, his ability to lure Connie to him against her will, even his very name, which is by no coincidence close to â€Å"Arch Fiend. (Korb) When we take a look at the sinister character of â€Å"Friend† it easy to interpret him as the devil. Take out the â€Å"r† in Arnold Friend’s name and you clearly discern what Arnold represents; an old Fiend. Connie was attracted to Friend’s gold car, a color that is divine and often classified as the color of the gods. Before raping Connie, the satanic Friend inserts a boot in between Connie’s front door, â€Å"One of his boots was strange at an angle, as if his foot wasn’t in it† (592). The ways the reader of this short story can distinguish Friend’s character to be the devil is by noticing through the story Friend has trouble standing in his boots. Surely, Friend, like Satan has Goat leg, Clearly that is why he cannot stand in his boots. Exploring this further, The words scribed on Friends carâ€Å"MAN THE FLYING SAUCER† indeed has the same letters that spells out â€Å"HESATANLUCIFER† . † Through it all, however, she privately harbors innocent dreams of ideal love. One day, while home alone, she is approached by a strange man ominously named Arnold Friend, who is determined to seduce her and take her away. Rather than use force, Friend insinuates his way into Connie’s mind and subdues her vulnerable and emerging sexuality† Mann, Barry, and Alvin K. Benson. â€Å"Joyce Carol Oates. † Critical Survey Of Short Fiction, Second Revised Edition (2001): 1-7. MagillOnLiterature Plus. Web. 6 June 2012 Ultimately, â€Å"Where are you going, where have you been, expresses the need for teens to be conscious and active in positive thoughts and aspirations. The main character had a host of troublesome thoughts and instinctively acted upon them. When people are not present minded they become inhibit dangerous and undesirable lifestyle. The need to be present minded as a young person is great for such as reason as this. Rape and violence not only occurs when you don’t expect it, but it also occurs when are empty minded and not aware. In the perspective of a young person, Cars can represent freedom, popularity and liberty, but In the story, Connie was attracted to Satan through his car and the persuasion. Considering a conscience and active Connie, this rape would not have existed. In closing, Arnold and his secret code that is was scribed on his car 33, 19,17 is also a bible verse that also questions the a character of Where are you going, where have you been. It is clear that the author, Joyce Carol oats his finessed the idea of an eternal presence in this book. Using this story as a warning and as an example of what an idle mind brings can not only spare your life but also your innocence. Citations and sources: * Where are you going, where have you been/Intro to fiction/XJ Kennedy Diana Giota 11th ED. Where are you going,where have you been? , Joyce Carol Oates, Copyright 1970 Ontario review *A summary and analysis of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. Barstow, Jane M. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. † Masterplots II: Short Story Series, Revised Edition (2004): 1-3. MagillOnLiterature Plus. Web. 6 June 2012. * Korb, Rena. â€Å"An overview of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? †. † Short Stories for Students. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Literature Resource Center. Web. 13 June 2012. ** Where are you going, where have you been/Intro to fiction/XJ Kennedy Diana Giota 11th ED. Where are you going ,where have you been? , Joyce Carol Oates, Copyright 1970 Ontario review(592)

Rural Entreprneurship -One Key to Rural Revitalisation

Entrepreneurship can play an important role in rural development. â€Å"Entrepreneur means one who creates a product on his own account, who ever undertakes on his own an industrial/trading enterprise in which work men are employed†. If entrepreneurships really encouraged in rural area it would, of course, be instrumental in changing the face of rural areas by solving the problems of unemployment, poverty, economic disparity, poor utilization of rural capacity, low level of standard of living. Authors: 1. Dr.Ratan Barman, Reader, Department of Commerce, Assam University (Diphu Campus) 2. Dipanjan Chakraborty, Senior Lecturer, Department Of commerce,Darrang College,tezpur Introduction ‘India lives in her villages’—- this axiom is still true today despite the service sector budding in the urban and semi urban areas. Majority of the population still lives in rural India and the large chunk of population in urban areas still live through the learning of a villa ge life. For the strength of the country there is a necessity to develop the villages. Development of a country is a choice loaded on its people, whether urban or rural.It is individuals who shape up a society and decide its progress and performance. Urban and rural are two sides of the same coin of economic development. While the urban sector has witnessed phenomenal growth and development, fuelled by the post independence era of industrialization, the rural sector saw little corporate growth. Rural development is more than ever before linked to entrepreneurship. Institutions and individuals promoting rural development now see entrepreneurship as a strategic development intervention that could accelerate the rural development process.Furthermore, institutions and individuals seem to agree on the urgent need to promote rural enterprises: development agencies see rural entrepreneurship as an enormous employment potential; politicians see it as the key strategy to prevent rural unrest ; farmers see it as an instrument for improving farm earnings; and women see it as an employment possibility near their homes which provides autonomy, independence and a reduced need for social support. To all these groups, however, entrepreneurship stands as a vehicle to improve the quality of life for individuals, families and communities and to sustain a healthy economy and environment.Rural industrialization is important not only as a means of generating employment opportunities in the rural areas with low capital cost and raising the real income of the people, but also because it contributes to the development of agriculture and urban industries. In the absence of rural industrialization, it would not be easy to solve the problem of unemployment in rural areas. The entrepreneurial orientation to rural development accepts entrepreneurship as the central force of economic growth and development, without it other factors of development will be wasted or frittered away.However, the acceptance of entrepreneurship as a central development force by itself will not lead to rural development and the advancement of rural enterprises. What is needed in addition is an environment enabling entrepreneurship in rural areas. The existence of such an environment largely depends on policies promoting rural entrepreneurship. The effectiveness of such policies in turn depends on a conceptual framework about entrepreneurship, i. e. , what it is and where it comes from. Concept of Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneur The terms ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘entrepreneur’ are not new to the Indian economy.Often these two terms are considered synonymous and used interchangeably. But conceptually both the terms are different. The relationship between the two is just like the two sides of the same coin. The understanding of the concept of entrepreneurship owes a lot to the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of economics. According to Schump eter (1950),’ and entrepreneur is a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention in to a successful innovation. † Entrepreneurship forces â€Å"creative destruction† across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and business models and liminating others. In this way, creative destruction is largely responsible for the dynamism of industries and long-run economic growth. The entrepreneur is the kind of persons that is willing to put his career and financial security on the line for an idea, spending his time and capital in an uncertain venture. Entrepreneurship as a stabilizing force limits entrepreneurship to reading markets disequilibria, while entrepreneurship defined as owning and operating a business, denies the possibility of entrepreneurial behaviour by non-owners, employees and managers who have no equity stake in the business.Therefore, the most appropriate definition of entrepreneurship that would fit into the r ural development context, argued here, is the broader one, the one which defines entrepreneurship as: â€Å"a force that mobilizes other resources to meet unmet market demand†, â€Å"the ability to create and build something from practically nothing†, â€Å"the process of creating value by pulling together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity†2. Concept of Rural entrepreneurship Many examples of successful rural entrepreneurship can already be found in literature.Rural entrepreneurship can be defined as entrepreneurship emerging at village level which can take place in a variety of fields of endeavour such as business, industry, agriculture and acts as a potent factor for economic development, In short, rural entrepreneurship implies rural industrialization consisting mainly of agro-based industries, Khadi and village industries and cottage industries. The promotion of rural entrepreneurship is vital in the context of generating gainful employ ment and minimizing the widening of disparities between rural and urban population.About 75% of the population who lives in villages has to utilize the village resources and they are plentifully available and people are not utilizing it effectively due to mass illiteracy. The risk aversion people can be transformed in to risk taking innovative entrepreneurs by proper training. Rural entrepreneurship not only concentrates on enhancement of products by use of local force or by artisans but also has significant environmental and social impact by developing eco friendly and appropriate olution to local problems China represents a unique example of rural entrepreneurial development with prima facie importance to the use of local resources, such as natural resources, human resources and material resources for local economic, social and cultural development and for running within the local area the surpluses so generated and at the same time effectively integrating rural development with m odernization the urban sector. China’s successful rural development through less dogmatic and down-to-earth approach to rural industrialization is really worth emulating for our country.Dynamic rural entrepreneurs can also be found. They are expanding their activities and markets and they find new markets for their products and services beyond the local boundaries. Role of Entrepreneurship in Rural development For rapid development, rural industrialization is must. But rural industrialization requires development of rural areas.. According to the Government of India, any industry located in rural area, village or town with population of 20,000 or less and an investment of Rs. crore in Plant and machinery is treated is rural industry. Rural or village industry is classified in to the following categories: †¢ Mineral based industry †¢ Forest based industry †¢ Agro based and food industry †¢ Polymer and chemical industry †¢ Engineering and non-convention al energy †¢ Textile industry †¢ Service industry Objectives of entrepreneurship in Rural Development †¢ To reduce disparities in income between rural and urban areas †¢ To promote balanced regional development To pressure the age-old rich heritage of the country †¢ To control migration of population from rural to urban area and thus helps in checking haphazard growth of cities and slums †¢ To help in reducing social tension and pollution Rural Entrepreneurship as a policy Tool to Achieve Rural Development Before independence, rural industrialization and hence rural entrepreneurship did not get any emphasis. The British Government gave importance to imports and neglected the development of Indian industries.In order to achieve rural development, after independence, the government of India used rural entrepreneurship as a policy tool. It has been clearly reflected in various five year plans and industrial policies. 1) Production in Khadi & Village indust ries sector was Rs 4,519 croes in the year 1997-98 and by the end of the year 2006-07, it is expected to increase up to Rs. 13,250croes i. e. in the span of 9 years it is expected to rise by almost 3 times. 2) Employment in KVI sector was 6. 65 million in the year 1997-98 and it is expected to increase up to 9. 5million by the end of year. Problems faced by entrepreneurs of rural areas †¢ Lack of finance-Modern entrepreneurship is a costly affair which needs abundant credit facilities. But in undeveloped countries, there is always scarcity of such credit facilities †¢ Lack of technical know-how-On account of faulty education system youth lack professional, managerial and technical knowledge which is an impediment in developing the spirit of enterprise, consequently not many people come forward to establish self-employment units. Absence of Enterprising skill- Most of the rural people in India lack risk bearing ability. Reluctance to involve oneself in business, inclination towards wage employment, lack of creative thinking are few reasons which have restricted the growth of self-employment in rural area. †¢ Lack of Infrastructure-On account of lack of infrastructural facilities viz, transport, water, electricity, market, storage and communication etc, entrepreneurs are shying away from establishing industries in villages. Industries which are already established are also facing similar problems. Adverse, social, cultural and Industrial environment-Caste systems, social evils, fatalism, religious superstitions, particularly in the countryside, do not allow development of adventurous spirit. Lack of skill and expertise in labourers, their tendency to migrate to big cities and consumer’s habit to buy goods produced by big companies create many problems for new entrepreneurs. †¢ Lack of awareness about quality control-It is true that of awareness hinders rural entrepreneurship. There are number of factors responsible for the lack of awar eness among rural folk.Illiteracy, ignorance, lack of proper propaganda by agencies, corruption among government functionaries etc are some of the factors responsible for this problem. †¢ Lack of market information due to poor communication facility- The absence of effective communication and access to right information makes it difficult for rural entrepreneurs to understand market trends and policies followed by the government on industrialization. Rural Development through Rural Entrepreneurship To achieve rural development through rural entrepreneurship,† The support infrastructure† given by Bill Bolton & John Thompson should be implemented given below.The support infrastructure | | People | Ideas | The Enterprise | |Sector |Education and |Research and |Property |Finance |Supply |Business support |Community | | |Training |Development | | | | |development | |Facility |School, |Industry, |Business |Seed and |Sub |Government |Housing, | | |College |University |Incu bator; |venture |contractors; |Agencies; |Schools, | | |University; |Garage |Innovation |capital |Labour |Clubs and |Hospitals, | | |Training | |centre | |pool |Associations, |Recreation, | | |Facility; | |Science | | |Consultants |Transport | | |Entrepreneur | |Technology | | |And business |Tele commu | | | | |Business | | |advices |nications | | |school | |parks | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Activity |Courses of |Technology |Premises |Equity& | Staff |Training advice |Amenity | | |programmes |transfer |and support |Loans |& Suppliers |and networking |provision | Source: Entrepreneurs by Bill Bolton & John Thompson Conclusion On the basis of analysis and role of rural entrepreneurship for rural development, we can conclude that rural entrepreneurship and rural development are two sides of the same coin. A part from Government policy, there is an urgent need to create conducive environment in rural areas so that rural entrepreneurship should flourish. Suggestions The following suggesti ons can be put forwarded for the protection and enhancement of demand potentiality leading to fertile ground for entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship would be conducive for rural capacity utilization and development and solving rural problems like, unemployment, poverty, low level standard of living etc. ? Formulation of a registered trade union, under the guidance of appropriate Government, at village level-The role of such a trade union should be to protect and promote the interest of labours in the village. It will lead to enhance their bargaining power, thereby more earnings. Labour concessions will be instrumental in changing the face of rural areas. ? Formation of village development council, under the guidance of appropriate Government, at the village level . This council should lead in forming and propagating about negative impacts of drain of rural demand, rural resources to urban area.Consciousness should be created about the fulfillment of rural demand by rural supplier livi ng in the same village. It means trading should be promoted in the villages. Positive impact of divion of work. Divion of work will lead specialization, better capacity utilization, assurance of definite market and enough earning to meet family needs. The positive and negative impacts of migration of people from rural area to urban area. It is good in the sense that it is going to provide employment to rural people in urban area. But the negative part of the process is that commit their funds in urban area. These migrated people should be encouraged and motivated to finally stay in village.They should spend their money in rural areas. It would lead to enhancement in rural demand and rural development. Such a village development council will be forum where issues relating development will be discussed and opinions will be floated among the people for course of action. ? Formation of Rural entrepreneurship Development Bank of India, on the line of Industrial Development bank of India, is essential to promote entrepreneurship in the rural areas. It role would be to make available finance, knlwledge, technical expertise, managerial advice, help in marketing, string etc. it has to take case from beginning to end. Even its role would be to come up with plans.The is need to promote urban culture in rural area in respect of consumption, entertainment, education, spending, standard of livingrationality,etc. to promote economic activities. Rural-Urban interaction, T. V, Radio, Mobile, Road etc, are promoting urban culture in rural areas. ? State Government must invest in more for development of rural entrepreneurship ? All latest technology of the globe is to be disseminated to all rural areas by Government through Toll free number ? Appointment of SSI ombudsman and having one stop centre for needs of rural entrepreneurs to be established. ? There is necessary to promote education and skill necessary for entrepreneurship ?

10 Facts About the Element Chromium

10 Facts About the Element Chromium Here are 10 fun and interesting facts about the element chromium, a shiny blue-gray transition metal. Chromium has atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6 on the Periodic Table,  with an atomic weight of 51.996 and density of 7.19 grams per cubic centimeter.Chromium is a hard, lustrous, steel-gray metal.  Chromium may be highly polished. Like many transition metals, it has a high melting point (1907 degrees C, 3465 degrees F) and high boiling point (2671 degrees C, 4840 degrees F).Stainless steel is hard and resists corrosion due to the addition of chromium.Chromium is the only element which shows antiferromagnetic ordering in its solid state at and below room temperature. Chromium becomes paramagnetic above 38 degrees C.  The elements magnetic properties are among its most notable characteristics.Trace amounts of trivalent chromium are needed for lipid and sugar metabolism. Hexavalent chromium and its compounds are extremely toxic and also carcinogenic. The 1, 4, and 5 oxidation states also occur, although they are less common.Chromium occurs naturally as a mix of three stable isotopes: Cr-52, Cr-53, and Cr-54. Chromium-52 is the most abundant isotope, accounting for 83.789% of its natural abundance.  19 radioisotopes have been characterized. The most stable isotope is chromium-50, which has a half-life of  over  1.8Ãâ€"1017  years. Chromium is used to prepare pigments (including yellow, red, and green), to color glass green, to color rubies red and emeralds green, in some tanning processes, as a decorative and protective metal coating, and as a catalyst.Chromium in air is passivated by oxygen, forming a protective layer that is essentially a spinel that is a few atoms thick. The coated is metal is usually called chrome.Chromium is the 21st or 22nd most abundant element in the Earths crust. It is present at a concentration of approximately 100 ppm.Most chromium is obtained by mining the mineral chromite. Although it is rare, native chromium also exists. It may be found in kimberlite pipe, where the reducing atmosphere favors the formation of diamond in addition to elemental chromium. Additional Chromium Facts Uses of Chromium About 75 percent to 85 percent of the chromium that is commercially  produced is used to make alloys, such as stainless steel. Most of the remaining chromium is used in the chemical industry and in foundries and refractories. The Discovery and History of Chromium Chromium was discovered by  French chemist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin in 1797 from a sample of the mineral crocoite (lead chromate). He reacted chromium trioxide (Cr2O3) with charcoal (carbon), which yield needle-like crystals of chromium metal. Although it wasnt purified until the 18th century, people had been using chromium compounds for thousands of years. The Qin Dynasty of China used chromium oxide on their weapons. Although its unclear whether they sought the color of the compounds or the properties, the metal did protect the weapons from degradation. Naming Chromium The name of the element comes from the Greek word chroma, which translates as color. The name chromium was proposed by French chemists Antoine-Franà §ois de Fourcroy and Renà ©-Just Haà ¼y. This reflects the colorful nature of chromium compounds and the popularity of its pigments, which may be found in yellow, orange, green, purple, and black. The color of a compound may be used to predict the oxidation state of the metal.

A Writers Best Friend

A Writers Best Friend A Writer’s Best Friend A Writer’s Best Friend By Mark Nichol I was bemused recently to read in the acknowledgments section of a book the author’s expression of gratitude toward someone who had read the manuscript before publication. The writer thanked the other person for â€Å"doing great proofreading,† but he followed that comment with â€Å"Not copy editing [sic]; we were both cautious about that, as our strongly held opinions don’t often match.† My first impression was that the book’s author has or had at the time a fundamental misunderstanding of copyediting (since the book was published, the closed-compound version of that term has come to prevail), as he implied that such a process would interfere with his expression of his views. (The person who assisted him is an expert in the book’s subject matter.) That’s absurd, because no editing role certainly not copyediting involves revisions of writers’ expressions of their beliefs or judgments. A developmental editor for a book publisher, or an assigning editor of a periodical, might discuss this issue with a writer but generally does not impose on the author’s convictions; presumably, the opportunity for the author to express these ideas is the reason the content is being published in the first place. But then I considered that perhaps, by â€Å"strongly held opinions,† the writer meant his notions of what constitutes good writing. Perhaps he was referring to the fact that his ideas about how to construct prose conflicts with those of the person who reviewed the manuscript for him. This possibility led me to reflect on my long-held opinion, acquired through decades of painful experience, that there’s a strong correlation between good writers and good grace when it comes to responding to grammatical and syntactical revisions, concomitant with the disturbing degree to which many poor writers protest such improvements. For in this case, the book suffered greatly not only from the fact it, at least before it was submitted to the publisher, was proofread but not copyedited. It also was compromised by the apparent lack of copyediting (or any editing) during the production phase of publication. The writing is verbose, repetitive, poorly organized, and clumsy (barely) competent, but dull and tiring to read, and in dire need of attention from both a developmental editor and a copy editor. This mediocrity was all the more disappointing because of the anticipation with which I had approached the book, which covers a topic of great interest to me. I was especially puzzled about the writing quality because the book dates to the early 1980s, the last period in which a reader could count on well-edited books before, for many but fortunately not all publishing companies, the bottom line became more important than the line edit. Ultimately, though, that this book is an exception to the rule is not the writer’s fault; the publisher let him and me and other readers of this book down. But writers aren’t helpless in the face of this trend; if they lack a partner or other close associate qualified and willing to review a manuscript (or even if such an ally is put to work), they can resort to pre-editing. That’s the now-widespread practice of preempting a publishing company’s possible neglect or short-changing of the editing process, and/or improving the chance of the manuscript’s acceptance, by hiring a freelance developmental editor and/or a freelance copy editor to polish it before submitting it to publishers. It’s unfortunate that the assembly-line model that now prevails in the publishing industry necessitates this step for one or both reasons stated, but though it requires a financial investment by the writer, it’s a wise strategy that enhances the likelihood both that the manuscript will be published and that the book will succeed. Another wise strategy is to have a little humility about one’s writing ability and the value of one or more objective second opinions. I’m a good writer, though not a great one, but even if I did claim (and perhaps actually have) more talent, I would, as I do in reality, welcome both substantial and mechanical revisions that make me look even better. For me and many good and great writers it’s a no-brainer, but that indirect reference to my earlier comment about the correlation of writing talent to amenability to editing reminds me of another observation: Common sense isn’t as common as it should be. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.3 Types of Headings8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Smith Surname Meaning and Origin

Smith Surname Meaning and Origin Derived from the Anglo-Saxon smitan, meaning to smite or strike, Smith and its derivations are an occupational name for a man who works with metal (smith or blacksmith), one of the earliest jobs for which specialist skills were required. It is a craft that was practiced in all countries, making the surname and its derivations the most common of all surnames. Smith still tops the list of most popular surnames in England and America, and is also a very common last name in Germany, Ireland, Scotland, Canada and Australia. Alternate Surname Spellings:  Smyth, Smythe, Schmidt Facts About the Surname Smith Unsurprising to most, Smith continually tops the list for most common English last name and the most common in America. The Granny Smith green apple is named after a woman named Maria Ann Smith (nee Sherwood), who developed it from a seedling in her orchard in Australia in 1868 at the age of 69. Famous People With the Surname Smith John Smith - One of the original settlers of Jamestown colony in 1607; saved from execution by the Indian princess Pocahontas.Captain Edward John Smith - Captain of the ill-fated RMS Titanic.Paul Smith - British designer.Anna Nicole Smith - American model.Adam Smith - Scottish economist and author.Michael J. Smith - American Astronaut; died aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on 28 January 1986.Gregory Paul Smith - Christian singer. Where Do People with the Smith Surname Live? As you might expect, surname distribution data from  Forebears  indicates that the  Smith is found throughout the world, although it ranks it at 117th most common. The Smith spelling ranks 1st, however, in the United States, England, Australia, Canada, Scotland, New Zealand, Belize, Bermuda, Isle of Man, British Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Tuvalu, and Monaco. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Smith Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Smith family crest or coat of arms for the Smith surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Genealogy.com allows you to search their genealogy forum for the Smith surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Smith query. With FamilySearch.org you can explore over 48 million historical records which mention individuals with the Smith surname and variants, as well as online Smith family trees. GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Smith surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com allows you to explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Smith and its variations. At GenealogyToday.com you can browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Smith from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames.  Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Suitable alternative that addresses crime Term Paper

Suitable alternative that addresses crime - Term Paper Example Consequently, the mayor has commissioned the renovation of the correctional facilities in the city. He has sought the assistance of professionals in improving the conditions within the facilities. It is noticeable that the facilities in the city are ill equipped to serve the populace. Consequently, it is urgent to improve the conditions within the facilities. The authorities are expecting a surge in cases of crime in megacity due to the stagnation in economic growth. The mayor states that authorities will find it hard to deal with the situation because they are ill equipped to serve the needs of the population. Moreover, the rigidity of the jurisdictions in the city complicates the situation further. The facilities are undermanned, making it difficult for them to serve their purposes. Authorities need to tackle the circumstances prior to them becoming dire to accommodate the rise in the number of incarnates. The objective is to invent a suitable alternative that addresses crime in th e city. Consequently, the paper discusses the challenges that authorities face when dealing with cases of crime. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the functions of the correctional facility in addressing cases of crimes in the society. Lastly, the paper intends to discuss the relationship amid the rise in crime and the economic stability of the region. Under the stewardship of the mayor, the authorities are planning for the renovations at the facility. The mayor is collaborating with the commissioner of the facility in commissioning for the renovations of the facility.

Celestial navigation using Jupiter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Celestial navigation using Jupiter - Essay Example They suggested that the disparity in time amid the observed and the prospective time at a standard meridian would enable longitudinal meridian to be identified. The innermost moons had an orbital of around one and a quarter days and callsito. The outermost had a period of about 17 (Watson,13). It is through regular observation that they understood their motions developing comprehensive tables of predictions. The method of measuring longitude involves drawing comparisons between the planets and the moon thus drawing rough estimates of the longitude. The method by Galileo articulated that it took the earth twenty four hours to travel 360 degrees rotation, at any point. His meant that at every point the earth travels fifteen degrees of longitude in every hour (Watson, 15). They thus carried accurate clocks to the see where two clocks were compared one clock based on the home port and the other in the ship. It was mandatory for the clock in the ship to be reset to local noon time daily. The difference in time was an indication of the longitudinal difference travelled. One hour represented a fifteen degree in longitude. Longitude is calculated in degrees east or west of the prime meridian, with 180 degrees on either side of the prime meridian. ... Latitudes are equidistant from each other thus the term parallels (Silvio, 82). In the ancient times sailors used the latitudes in their navigation. It was during the Ptolemy era when a grid system for the earth was created. The earth, a circle, was divided into 360 degrees. Each degree was issued with one hour, and each minute comprised 60 seconds. It was in his book geography where the coordinated were published. The ancient sailors used sextants in measuring latitudes. A sextant is a navigational appliance that measures the angle of elevation of any celestial body (sun and the moon). This was done in an attempt to locate ones direction. The instrument was thus used to determine the angle linking two objects. A sextant spans at 60 degree which is a sixth of a circle thus the name. In measuring latitude, at the equator which has a zero degree latitude the Polaris is in horizon with zero degrees altitude. The elevation in the angle of Polaris above the horizon indicated a direct meas ure of terrestrial latitude. This means that in case the angle of Polaris was measured by a navigator and found to be 10 degrees from the horizon, then the ship is ten degrees north of the equator. At times they determined the latitudes through the directions travelled by stars over time. They articulated that if the stars rise from the east and they travel straight upwards then one is ate equator. In case the stars drifted south then one is at the north of the equator. This can be postulated to occur due to the movement of the earth in an orbit around the sun. The other method of measuring longitude was the use of the marine chronometer. This involved the use of a time piece that was to be carried in a ship and would maintain the correct reference time

Charles Peirce's The Doctrine of Necessity Examined Essay

Charles Peirce's The Doctrine of Necessity Examined - Essay Example Charles S. Peirce wonders whether we necessarily have to see or notice signal effects of some element that may have happened by pure chance so that to ascertain that real chance exists. He wonders whether there are some occurrences or effects that may have gone unnoticed or unobserved. He gives an example of how physicists claim that gas particles move about randomly, considerably as if by pure chance, and that by the assumption of probabilities, there certainly will be situations contrary to the second law of thermodynamics whereby concentrations of heat in the gases lead to explosive mixtures, which must at the time have tremendous effects. He claims this assumption could be false because it has never happened like that. â€Å"What we are, that only can we see† (Dickinson). This is a popular quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson from his publication, Nature. Emerson believed in facts. Emersonian philosophy seemingly emphasized on seeing, and perception. Emerson would, therefore, prob ably support Charles on this argument, because Charles insists that he cannot support or believed in things that allegedly happened without any evidence or that have never happened. Another argument of Charles S. Peirce about this issue is that he is not of the belief that there is any person who can ascertain that the precise, universal compliance of facts to natural law is proved evidently, or depicted particularly possible, by any observations made so far. He noted that those in support of the doctrine of exact regularity used hypotheses other than proven experimental result of facts to support their arguments. He, therefore, dismissed this notion as it shows high levels of poor reasoning. Charles affirms that, sometimes people cannot help to believe a given proposition. However, he noted that this was of collective thinking which is wrong. Some people conclude a proposition to be true while others look at it as â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"I†. This leads to the propo sition being true to certain people and wrong to others depending on their levels of ignorance, or the evidence they have. He calls this problem â€Å"inability to conceive† and claims that every man passes through this stage with respect to the number of beliefs they have. The mind of man is sometime subjected to this blind coercion, but it is cast off as time goes through rigorous thinking. As a result, Charles confirms that, the things that are not conceivable today will turn out to be indisputable in future. This is supported by the countercultural philosophy of Emerson whereby he lobbied to create a structure of a form of life that will go past the status quo expectations and thinking models. This was in favour of deeply independent and creative manifestations of universal truths. This, he argued, will also help solve the problem of inability to conceive by stating, â€Å"Every man has a form of mind peculiar to himself.† The author confirms that the principles of mechanics are indeed natural beliefs, which have been confirmed by experience. The only problem is that those that were formulated long time ago were exceedingly erroneous. As a result, they need to be continually corrected and purified from natural illusions. This process of products adapting to recognizable usefulness or ends, as seen in nature, is never quite perfect. The author, therefore, finds this argument well

Why Do I Want to Be a Professional Counselor - Personal Goals Assignment

Why Do I Want to Be a Professional Counselor - Personal Goals - Assignment Example I currently work as a restaurant server ad a cheer coach. I love my jobs as they give me a chance to work with different kinds of people so I do not want to give them up when I go on my internship course. I need a total of 250 hours to complete the pre-practicum and practicum requirements of my program. I have informed my employers about my program. Once I have my schedule at the internship site(s), my two employers and I will work out a schedule so I can meet my practicum hours and still satisfy my obligation to them. I am hoping my bachelor’s degree, master’s degrees and current job experiences will help me be an effective youth counselor after graduation. I have already seen several schools advertising for intern counselors on the Internet. I would be paid hourly so this could help my finances. I need to start planning for my practicum as early as possible. Especially in my situation as a working student, I should be able to know early how I will be managing my time to fulfil my workload and practicum schedule. Filing for the practicum course should be done 16 weeks prior to the start of the practicum. Although I can specify a definite practicum site after filing, I would still prefer planning ahead. I was able to get my bachelor’s degree four years after high school so I would like to finish my master’s degree without delay as well. Together with time management, I need to plan early for the cost as well. Liability insurance, a requirement to start the practicum course costs a minimum coverage of $1,000.00 per claim and $3,000.00 aggregate. There is also the cost of the licensure exams. Aside from passing my school tests, I need to take and pass a licensure exam from the National Board of Certified Counselors or Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certific ation. To register for the test, I need to submit a complete application packet and the $250 fee. Once approved for a license, I need to pay either a $100 or $250 license issuance fee. Getting my license will make me eligible to work as a professional counselor. This is why meeting the state requirements is very important.  

Samsungs Business Strategy Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Samsungs Business Strategy Report - Essay Example This is as occasioned by the ever-changing environments in which businesses operate. As each business entity is devising innovative ways of increasing their turnover and market base, the overall competitiveness of the industry is increased, thereby causing the rest of the entities in each specific industry to up the game in order to be at par with the industry (Hoskisson et al 2009, p. 178). Given that there are various industries and business entities all partaking in different business operations, each entity must come up with a strategy that will ensure it thrives in its line of business else it risks being knocked off the competition (Moreton et al 2012, p. 176). In order to achieve and maintain their niche or improve even further, the businesses must consider a variety of aspects including the internal and external factors, in order to ensure their continued success and dominance. Despite this, coming up with the right business strategy is not always an easy task. Various consid erations have to be made to identify the best path forward since a wrong move could send a firm on a downward trend (Sekhar 2009, p. 87). In light of the above, the analysis of Samsung Electronics Company Ltd. in relation to existing and probable business strategy modules would suffice a business strategy report. Samsung Electronics is a transnational electronics corporation based in South Korea. It is the main auxiliary of Samsung Group of companies and has been on a steady rise over the recent couple of years. It operates on the global market platform, with branches in most major cities of the world. Samsung has considerably grown over the last couple of years, thereby increasing its global employee base to upwards of 200000 (Sekhar 2009, p. 187). The company is involved in the manufacture of end user electronic products. On the broad platform, it operates mainly in two expansive business units. These are the end product faction and the module division. The product division is inv olved in the fabrication of user products especially home appliances such as video and audio equipment, kitchen electronics, computers, air conditioners, cameras, printers and communication equipment such as mobile phones and tablet computers. On the other hand, the module division is involved in the business of manufacturing product components such as semiconductors, display products such as LCD’s, TFT’s, AMOLED’s and storage devices such as SD and microSD cards (Russ 2010, p. 231). Moreover, they partake in electronic consumables such as toners and cartridges for printers apart from the aforementioned products. Given the nature of their businesses, the industry is often tumultuous especially due to the constant innovative technologies that grace the electronics and telecommunications industry (Cant et al 2008, p. 121). Samsung Electronics prides itself with the vision to inspire the world and create the future. Their company profile identifies three strengths in relation to their vision. These are new technology, innovative products and creative solutions, all in a bid to realize the stated vision. Moreover, their main focus is on the industry, the employees and their business partners, and they identify these as the keys to their growth and overall success (Moreton et al 2012, p. 88). Their focus on the industry is aimed at assessing the industry trends to enable them map the best strategy to be the market leader. Meanwhile, the partnership vision is aimed at considering their business associates and generating a correlation targeting success for both partners and the company itself (Cant et al 2008, p. 322). On the other hand, the employee vision has the objective to empower the employees and create a sense in them that lets them diligently partake in their duties

Why Do I Want to Be a Professional Counselor - Personal Goals Assignment

Why Do I Want to Be a Professional Counselor - Personal Goals - Assignment Example I currently work as a restaurant server ad a cheer coach. I love my jobs as they give me a chance to work with different kinds of people so I do not want to give them up when I go on my internship course. I need a total of 250 hours to complete the pre-practicum and practicum requirements of my program. I have informed my employers about my program. Once I have my schedule at the internship site(s), my two employers and I will work out a schedule so I can meet my practicum hours and still satisfy my obligation to them. I am hoping my bachelor’s degree, master’s degrees and current job experiences will help me be an effective youth counselor after graduation. I have already seen several schools advertising for intern counselors on the Internet. I would be paid hourly so this could help my finances. I need to start planning for my practicum as early as possible. Especially in my situation as a working student, I should be able to know early how I will be managing my time to fulfil my workload and practicum schedule. Filing for the practicum course should be done 16 weeks prior to the start of the practicum. Although I can specify a definite practicum site after filing, I would still prefer planning ahead. I was able to get my bachelor’s degree four years after high school so I would like to finish my master’s degree without delay as well. Together with time management, I need to plan early for the cost as well. Liability insurance, a requirement to start the practicum course costs a minimum coverage of $1,000.00 per claim and $3,000.00 aggregate. There is also the cost of the licensure exams. Aside from passing my school tests, I need to take and pass a licensure exam from the National Board of Certified Counselors or Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certific ation. To register for the test, I need to submit a complete application packet and the $250 fee. Once approved for a license, I need to pay either a $100 or $250 license issuance fee. Getting my license will make me eligible to work as a professional counselor. This is why meeting the state requirements is very important.  

Cross-cultural practicum journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross-cultural practicum journal - Essay Example Hardly did I know that the experience would be very enlightening. In fact, I do not remember attending any event in my life that was humbling, educating and enjoyable all at the same time. Volunteering at the shoe store and assisting children to choose and fit shoes helped me learn a few things about community service. To start with, I realized that serving others is emotionally fulfilling and rewarding. Watching the happy children try different shoes was the best part of the experience. I enjoyed watching them jump up and down shouting at the topmost of their voices when they got their favorite shoe that fit perfectly. Some Bible verses that discuss service to others became clearer during the experience. For example, Paul talks about talks about being good to all people (The Holy Bible: King James Version, Gal. 6:10). One of the fruits of the Holy Spirit is goodness (Gal. 5:22). In as much as the store owners were not paying me for volunteering my services, the experience was nonetheless rewarding. Those who give receive even more than they have given (Luke 6:38). This verse is very true because every day I went back home feeling like a new person. Besides, God also loves a cheerful giver (2nd Cor. 9:7). Working with children also made me look at a few Bible verses from a different perspective. In the Bible, several verses quote that, salvation is for children. Jesus Christ states that the kingdom of Heaven belongs to the children (Mat. 19:16). The kids in the store were all innocent, smiled all the time, talked to everyone with no reservations. One child even invited me to their place to play with her toys. I compared them to adults who are always complaining to God about this and about that it. It is hard to make a child smile. That made me understand why the Bible says that the kingdom of heaven belongs to children. Working at Edmond required an individual with

Living in Families Essay Example for Free

Living in Families Essay How does the average person view the common family? In the picture of â€Å"a happy family† on commercials, conflict and hatred are replaced with sweetness and adoration – qualities that are apparent on the family members’ smiling faces. Pure happy days are simply not realistic. In real life, families have good reason to frown occasionally, which leads to a statement by the author Willa Cather about a family relationship. She comments that the seed of the family conflict is from the clash of each members’ individual personality, or identity. As one builds own identity, there is no choice but to struggle for appealing his or her ego to other family members; even though they are a family who is supposed to understand and concede to one another, ideally speaking. Cather also says that family members pursue the sense of security from mutual existence, and they want to eschew from the restraint and infringe on individual privacy at the same time.      Ã‚  Three works of literature which support Willa Cather’s idea about family relationships are: â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† by Tillie Olsen, â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan, and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin. Through the eyes of these characters, we can see how the development of identity causes conflicts between family members. Ironically, they continue to pull away from each other even though they need each other. We should explore how the characters get over the â€Å"tragic necessity† (Cather 107-120).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the main conflict in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† doesn’t seem to appear on the surface the author shows that the conflict occurs inside narrator’s mind. When the narrator has Emily, her daughter, she â€Å"is nineteen and it is the pre-relief, pre-WPA world of the depression† (341).   Living in the new era as a nineteen-year-old single mother, she has to confront her new identity. In other words, there is a struggle between two identities inside her, as an individual who tries to survive in tough circumstance and as a mother who tries to love her daughter. As she confesses that she â€Å"was a distracted mother† (345), her unstable identity does not allow her to take superior care of Emily. This is the situation which Cather referred to as a â€Å"double life† (107-120). The narrator has suffered from â€Å"the real life that stamps the faces and gives character to the voices of our friends† (Cather 107-120).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In laborious circumstances, her only family, Emily, is the reason why she is still alive, but also the burden from which she wants to escape. This is shown in â€Å"what was in my face when I looked at her,† the scene in which she realizes her frown face at her daughter saying â€Å"there were all the acts of love† (341). Because of her desperate fate, the narrator unconsciously tries â€Å"pulling away from† her daughter even though she â€Å"seeks† to feel (Cather 107-120) maternal affection for Emily. This irony is represented by Cather’s idea of â€Å"the tragic necessity of human life† (107-120).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the story, the narrator shows her will to finish the conflict she has endured. According to Emily who never believed herself to be special, finds her identity and path, which concludes with her mother lightening the pressure about being a role of breeder by â€Å"letting her be† (345).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contrary to â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing,† the main conflict between family members in â€Å"Two Kinds† is revealed clearly; it is about the relationship between a mother and daughter. The peculiarity of this story is that the basis of the conflict is a clash of two different cultures, which can be interpreted as a clash of two identities; the Chinese mother who wants â€Å"obedient daughter† and the Americanized daughter, named Mei, who wants to â€Å"follow her own heart† (353). Her mother’s wishful thinking is clear on this quote; â€Å"you can be anything you want to be† (346), which means actually â€Å"you can be anything I want you to be.† This attitude is very different from the mother’s attitude in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing.† On contrary to â€Å"letting her be† (345), Mei’s mother keeps pushing her daughter to do what she wants, not what her daughter wants – this is Mei’s mother’s personality. Mei’s response is:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I won’t be what I’m not† (348). As a result, the conflict in this story is caused by the clash of individual identities, as Cather describes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the trouble reaches a peak at their quarrel following the piano recital. In this scene, Mei pretends to â€Å"pull away† (Cather 107-120) from her mother by saying â€Å"the magic words† (353). What Mei says was not from the bottom of her heart: it could be seen when Mei gets the piano as â€Å"a sign of forgiveness† (353), she â€Å"feels proud, as if it were a shiny trophy† (354). In other words, she cannot deny that she misses her family even though she wants to get away from them. After all, the daughter seeks to get out of the â€Å"tragic necessity† (Cather 107-120) by realizing that the two piano pieces â€Å"pleading child† and â€Å"perfectly contented† (354) is one song, which means that the pleading child has become perfectly contented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compared to the other two works above, the conflict in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† occurs between a sibling relationship, not between parent and child relationship as in the preceding examples. The origin of the conflict is the same; the clash of identities. At the beginning of the story, the fact that the narrator, Sonny’s brother, gets Sonny’s news from the newspaper shows that the relationship between two brothers is not secure; their relationship as a family has already been â€Å"pulled away† (Cather 107-120). The reason why they have been separated from each other for a long time was the lack of comprehension of the other’s individual personality. To overcome â€Å"the darkness outside† (384), which describes the discrimination in that era, both brother have to develop their identities which helps them as they endure hardships. Unfortunately, the identities they developed are very different; the narrator is practical and conservative, and Sonny is emotional and unconventional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The clash of the identities has divided the brothers and causes Sonny to pursue â€Å"escaping, running away, and trying to break the net† (Cather 107-120) which leads to his addiction to heroin. In fact, Sonny â€Å"had always been a good boy† (377) as a member of the family. In his subconscious, he had â€Å"another secret, passionate and intense† (Cather 107-120). Though the narrator tries to care for Sonny in order to fulfill the promise made to his mother, He cannot understand Sonny’s â€Å"another† (Cather 107-120) aspect. This conflict is the reason why they keep pulling away each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, at the end of story, they get back together with perfect comprehension. Listening to Sonny’s play, the narrator â€Å"understands, at last† (398), his brother’s identity and why they were pulling away from each other; he realizes that the root of the conflict the brothers had was not because of Sonny’s rebellion but of his own misunderstanding of the suffering Sonny has endured. The brothers prepare to overcome the â€Å"tragic necessity,† which initially separated them, with â€Å"a Scotch and milk† (399) in the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, through the analysis of the three works of literature, Willa Cather’s idea of â€Å"the double life† and â€Å"tragic necessity of human relationship† (107-120) can be seen as a universal theme in various stories. The development of identity causes the conflicts between family members, and the irony is that they continue to pull away from each other even though they need each. In Cather’s view, family members have a chance to overcome the conflicts they have had, as demonstrated by the narrator of â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing,† Mei from â€Å"Two Kinds,† and Sonny’s brother from â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Each character gets the better of his or her own conflicts to a certain extent. As they should; families are supposed to stick together. References Cather, Willa.   Katherine Mansfield.   Willa Cather on Writing. Lincoln, NE:   University of Nebraska Press, 1988.   107-120. Schilb, John, and Clifford, John. Making Literature Matter. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006

Management of Maxillary Sinusitis of Endodontic Origin

Management of Maxillary Sinusitis of Endodontic Origin A case report ABSTRACT: Endodontic implications of the maxillary sinus include extension of periapical lesion into the sinus. Though the actual cause of sinusitis is difficult to determine accurately, majority of the cases occur through a dental cause. The purpose of this paper was to present the management of maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin. A 48 year old generally healthy male patient reported to the dental clinic for the implant placement in the area of missing #26. During the procedure, the dental surgeon noticed a thick granulation tissue in the deep area with painful sensation. Further endodontic consultation revealed the tooth #25 was endodontically treated 9 years ago and CBCT showed periapical lesion perforated the maxillary sinus. Extraction and enucleation was done and the biopsy sent to the histopathological lab revealed periapical granuloma. After 2 months, patient was asymptomatic and ENT examination showed the floor of maxillary sinus with reduced hyperplasia. Symptoms of m axillary sinusitis can evoke pain of dental origin, and a careful differential diagnosis is important when dealing with pain in the maxillary posterior area. Keywords: maxillary sinusitis, mucositis, odontogenic origin Introduction Endodontic implications of the maxillary sinus include extension of periapical lesion into the sinus. The literature mentions many cases of extension of periapical infection to the maxillary sinus 1-2-3-4. Stafne estimated that 15–75% of the sinusitis cases occur through a dental cause although the actual cause is difficult to determine accurately 5. Sinusitis can be divided into acute, subacute and chronic types. Symptoms produced by acute or subacute maxillary sinusitis can be mistaken with those of pulpal origin 6. A comprehensive examination of the patient’s medical and dental history will draw the attention of the clinician to endodontic implications of odontogenic origin. The purpose of this paper was to present the management of maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin. Case report A 48 year old generally healthy male reported to the dental clinic for the implant placement in the area of missing #26. During the procedure, the dental surgeon noticed a thick granulation tissue in the deep area and the patient started feeling painful sensation even with repeated anesthesia. The surgeon then put bone graft material and closed the flap for further consultation. Patient was then shifted from implant clinic to the diagnosis clinic for examination of tooth #25 that had periapical lesion (figure 1). It was revealed during the examination that the tooth #25 had undergone root canal treatment 9 years ago. The pre-operative radiograph had revealed a large periapical lesion with interrupted lamina dura around the tooth #25 with previous root canal filling material and filling on the crown (Figure 2). The periodontal probing was within normal limits for all teeth in the upper left region and the teeth #24 and #25 was restored with amalgam. (figure 3 and 4). The tooth showed no response to cold and electric pulp testing and it was tender on percussion but not on palpation. The tooth was diagnosed as previously treated with symptomatic periapical peridontitis. After the clinical examination, CBCT radiography was taken to check the maxillary sinus involvement. CBCT revealed a periapical lesion that perforated the maxillary sinus with thickening of the maxillary sinus floor (figure 5, 6 and 7). Patient then referred to ENT department for consultation. They advised (i) extraction of the involved tooth to remove the source of infection and the thickening of the floor will get resolved upon follow up, or (ii) to inoculate the lesion completely through endoscope under GA. Patient presented to the endodontic clinic for treatment plan and decision making. The endodontist advised root canal re-treatment of #25 followed by surgical root end resection and retrograde filling along with enucleation of the lesion with precaution to the maxillary sinus perforation. But after consultation with prosthodontist, it was decided to extract the tooth #25 as it was questionable in restorability (figure 8 and 9). So, the recommended treatment was extraction and the final diagnosis was maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin. Patient referred to OMF department where extraction of tooth #25 and enucleation of the lesion was performed (figure 10, 11 and 12). The biopsy was sent to the histopathololgy lab. Post-surgical instructions were given to the patient and was prescribed cap. amoxicillin 500mg tid, tab. brufen 600mg, Rhinocort along with anti-histamines and decongestants. Biopsy report showed periapical granuloma which confirmed the diagnosis. On follow up after 2 months, patient was asymptomatic and PA radiograph revealed socket space (figure 13 and 14). ENT examination showed the floor of maxillary sinus with reduced hyperplasia. Discussion Radiographic examination of the maxillary sinus includes periapical, occlusal, panoramic and facial views7. Panoramic radiography provides a wide overview of the sinus floor and its anatomical relation with the tooth roots allows the determination of the size of periapical lesions. The symptom associated with maxillary sinusitis is dull pain, mostly unilateral and during mastication, or a feeling of ‘fullness’ around the upper posterior teeth. The patient may complain of pain exacerbated when lying down or bending due to increased intracranial pressure from blood flow and the affected sinus may be tender to palpation8. The teeth in relation to affected sinuses will be moderately or extremely sensitive to palpation and/or percussion. Nasal discharge is considered to be important sign of sinus infection. The use of a topical nasal decongestant may help in differentiating pain from sinusitis or from dental origin. On the other hand, the pain of dental origin ranges from the rmal sensitivities to continuous sharp pain which may be associated with localized swelling. Radiographic changes in sinusitis show thickened sinus mucosal membrane and air-fluid filled. The first time that showed the direct extension of dental infection into the sinus was in a study by Bauer in 1943. His study was done on cadavers and revealed the pulp of involved teeth with histological evidence of extension of infection into the maxillary sinus. The local hyperplasia of dental origin in the mucosa of the maxillary sinus could be removed by conservative root canal therapy. Selden and August in1970 also managed maxillary sinusitis after the treatment of a periodontal-endodontic lesion in first and second premolars. For the refractory cases after a conservative management, the surgical approach was recommended10. In this case the restorability of the tooth made the final decision. At least 70% of bacterial contamination of sinusitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus37 influenzae11. Antibiotics are a significant part of management in acute suppurative sinusitis. Pinheiro et al recommended amoxycillin as a first-line of treatment aimed to cover both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Topical decongestants are beneficial for oxygenation and facilitate the sinus drainage of pus by decreasing the edema. Analgesics, such as paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are beneficial for the control of pain. Conclusion The close anatomical inter-relationship of the maxillary sinus and the roots of upper posterior teeth can lead to endodontic complications. Periapical inflammation can lead to maxillary sinusitis of dental origin with resultant inflammation and thickening of the mucosal lining of the sinus in areas adjacent to the corresponding teeth. In such cases, the conventional endodontic treatment or re-treatment is the treatment of choice with surgical intervention. But there are chance of refractory cases which requires extraction to remove the source of infection. An adequate diagnosis and appropriate treatment with antibiotics, decongestants and analgesics are indicated for the treatment of sinusitis.