Albert Einstein: One Genius Mind

Finding a way to describe one of the most celebrated scientists ever born by means of stating facts about his life and achievements which most people hardly ever know at this point in time is utterly hard.   Albert Einstein’s father, an engineer by profession was for the most part of his career hugely unsuccessful.The older Einstein spent most of his time shifting jobs (Pellegrini 1).   Albert never enjoyed his education in Germany.He was seriously depressed when he had to leave for Italy.   He left school on the excuse of a nervous breakdown.   For a year, he had been paying visits to different art centers in Italy until such time when although reluctant, he finally resumed his studies.   It was in Zurich’s Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) technical university where Einstein earned his degree (Pellegrini 1).He received poor grades since he hardly attended class lectures.   His poor credentials made it hard for him to secure a job.   Finally, a f riend helped him secure a patent office job in Berne (Pellegrini 1; AllAboutScience.org).It seemed that the patent job suits him perfectly.   It allowed him to work during the day and devote the rest of his time exploring higher learning in physics (White 96).   Also, he was able to utilize the library to do his research work.   He even earned for himself a doctorate degree in the processEven though it was not entirely all plain sailing from then on, several years later, he assumed a role in the academic system, and worked in Berlin to complete his General Theory of Relativity in the face of the severe destruction in society brought about by the First World War (Pellegrini 1).A serious breakdown left the man with distinct strands of white hair which ultimately served as his trademark.   It was around that time when his married life took a turn for the worst.   Nonetheless, he was still able to make significant contributions to scientific advancement.He was primarily, the e ngineer of breakthrough concepts about the physical universe.   Beyond doubt, he has made significant contributions to humanity’s intellectual advancement during his time.   Einstein challenged the then existing beliefs about the state as well as that of science.   He engaged in a constant battle for individual freedom and dignity.   He also opposed hostilities and persecution.His theories about the state and science, or at least the ones credited to him, echoes up to this point in time in realms stretching as far as his own direct scientific contributions in examining the influences that science and technology has on ethics, the study of modern art, linguistics, and psychology (Trefil and Hazen; White 96-105).It is paradoxical that several years following his death, several branches of physical science have already acknowledged his generative impact as otherwise would gave been done in the last years of his life.   Einstein’s contributions proved to be cruci al for drafting conceptual routes for current studies in the fields of cosmology or astronomy, for connecting gravitation with the quantum field theory of gauge fields, and also in explaining new findings which were not possible during his time, but were nonetheless already forecasted by him.Albert Einstein has the mind of a genius.   The way he changed the way man perceived the universe into which he or she was born was beyond comparison.   He was able to look past nature’s drape than anyone else since Newton, and from that point onwards, he lived the rest of his life pulling the drape down for his humility (Pellegrini 1).   To this day, when the word genius is being uttered, no one else’s face come to mind than his.

Database Applications Used in Our Organization Essay

Our company has really advanced in terms of database management. Initially, they were using Microsoft Access database application soft but recently they introduced Oracle database application. This change has been brought about by the economic growth in the country which has in turn seen our organization grow significantly. Microsoft Access database application is the commonest database application that is used by majority of the firms especially the small one. One of the benefits of using this database is that it is relatively compatible with Structure query language (SQL). Most organizations have made use of the software for one is that it’s in expensive to maintain and secondly it’s because most employees are family with its application. Our company has not been an exception; we have over the years been using the software to store all our data in it and were able to retrieve the information without difficultness. The database application software is very useful in out organization as we have eliminated the use of papers in our office. This has also increase the efficiency of activities within and outside the organization. This has ensured that tasks are accomplished faster within the organization and this ensures that organizational goals and objectives are achieved in the long run. Previous, the use of paper work in the organization would lead to some processed being delayed and this in turn to delay to completion of a deal that would have benefited the organization financially. For this case, elimination of the paper work has seen deals being completed faster and the company gains financially. Recently, the management saw the need of introducing advanced database application software that would be able to accommodate the huge data the need to be store within our system. Due to this reason, they proposed to introduce Oracle database application software in the organization although the Microsoft Access database application software is still in use. The reason of using both is to ensure that all employees familiarize with the new system before implementing the Oracle database application fully in the organization. Another reason of maintaining both systems in the organization is because it would take time for the organization to transfer the entire data store in the Microsoft Access to the Oracle system. There is still room for improvement as far as database management is concerned in our organization to ensure that our services are delivery even faster so that we can increase our sale and achieve our organizational goals and objectives. For this case, the organization needs to ensure that all employees familiarize themselves with the Oracle database application software so that we can get rid of Microsoft Access. It is always wise for an organization to advance with technology since many large organization are no longer using the Microsoft Access and incase they interact, they might be a problem due to compatibility of information. There is also a need for the organization to introduce DB2 database application software which is also cost effective database application software. Organizations especially large one like ours should ensure they get rid of paper work which slows processes within the organization. They should adopt database application software that is cost effective in term of number of employees to be employed to handle and maintain company’s data and speed of processing information within the organization.

Part Four Chapter VIII

VIII At half-past six that evening, Howard and Shirley Mollison entered Pagford Church Hall. Shirley was carrying an armful of papers and Howard was wearing the chain of office decorated with the blue and white Pagford crest. The floorboards creaked beneath Howard's massive weight as he moved to the head of the scratched tables that had already been set end to end. Howard was almost as fond of this hall as he was of his own shop. The Brownies used it on Tuesdays, and the Women's Institute on Wednesdays. It had hosted jumble sales and Jubilee celebrations, wedding receptions and wakes, and it smelt of all of these things: of stale clothes and coffee urns, and the ghosts of home-baked cakes and meat salads; of dust and human bodies; but primarily of aged wood and stone. Beaten-brass lights hung from the rafters on thick black flexes, and the kitchen was reached through ornate mahogany doors. Shirley bustled from place to place, setting out papers. She adored council meetings. Quite apart from the pride and enjoyment she derived from listening to Howard chair them, Maureen was necessarily absent; with no official role, she had to be content with the pickings Shirley deigned to share. Howard's fellow councillors arrived singly and in pairs. He boomed out greetings, his voice echoing from the rafters. The full complement of sixteen councillors rarely attended; he was expecting twelve of them today. The table was half full when Aubrey Fawley arrived, walking, as he always did, as if into a high wind, with an air of reluctant forcefulness, slightly stooped, his head bowed. ‘Aubrey!' called Howard joyfully, and for the first time he moved forward to greet the newcomer. ‘How are you? How's Julia? Did you get my invitation?' ‘Sorry, I don't – ‘ ‘To my sixty-fifth? Here – Saturday – day after the election.' ‘Oh, yes, yes. Howard, there's a young woman outside – she says she's from the Yarvil and District Gazette. Alison something?' ‘Oh,' said Howard. ‘Strange. I've just sent her my article, you know, the one answering Fairbrother's †¦ Maybe it's something to do †¦ I'll go and see.' He waddled away, full of vague misgivings. Parminder Jawanda entered as he approached the door; scowling as usual, she walked straight past without greeting him, and for once Howard did not ask ‘how's Parminder?'. Out on the pavement he found a young blonde woman, stocky and square, with an aura of impermeable cheerfulness that Howard recognized immediately as determination of his own brand. She was holding a notebook and looking up at the Sweetlove initials carved over the double doors. ‘Hello, hello,' said Howard, his breathing a little laboured. ‘Alison, is it? Howard Mollison. Have you come all this way to tell me I can't write for toffee?' She beamed, and shook the hand he proffered. ‘Oh, no, we like the article,' she assured him. ‘I thought, as things are getting so interesting, I'd come and sit in on the meeting. You don't mind? Press are allowed, I think. I've looked up all the regulations.' She was moving towards the door as she spoke. ‘Yes, yes, press are allowed,' said Howard, following her and pausing courteously at the entrance to let her through first. ‘Unless we have to deal with anything in camera, that is.' She glanced back at him, and he could make out her teeth, even in the fading light. ‘Like all those anonymous accusations on your message board? From the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother?' ‘Oh dear,' wheezed Howard, smiling back at her. ‘They're not news, surely? A couple of silly comments on the internet?' ‘Has it only been a couple? Somebody told me the bulk of them had been taken off the site.' ‘No, no, somebody's got that wrong,' said Howard. ‘There have only been two or three, to my knowledge. Nasty nonsense. Personally,' he said, improvising on the spot, ‘I think it's some kid.' ‘A kid?' ‘You know. Teenager having fun.' ‘Would teenagers target Parish councillors?' she asked, still smiling. ‘I heard, actually, that one of the victims has lost his job. Possibly as a result of the allegations made against him on your site.' ‘News to me,' said Howard untruthfully. Shirley had seen Ruth at the hospital the previous day and reported back to him. ‘I see on the agenda,' said Alison, as the pair of them entered the brightly lit hall, ‘that you'll be discussing Bellchapel. You and Mr Fairbrother made good points on both sides of the argument in your articles †¦ we had quite a few letters to the paper after we printed Mr Fairbrother's piece. My editor liked that. Anything that makes people write letters †¦' ‘Yes, I saw those,' said Howard. ‘Nobody seemed to have much good to say about the clinic, did they?' The councillors at the table were watching the pair of them. Alison Jenkins returned their gaze, still smiling imperturbably. ‘Let me get you a chair,' said Howard, puffing slightly as he lifted one down from a nearby stack and settling Alison some twelve feet from the table. ‘Thank you.' She pulled it six feet forward. ‘Ladies and gentlemen,' called Howard, ‘we've got a press gallery here tonight. Miss Alison Jenkins of the Yarvil and District Gazette.' A few of them seemed interested and gratified by Alison's appearance, but most looked suspicious. Howard stumped back to the head of the table, where Aubrey and Shirley were questioning him with their eyes. ‘Barry Fairbrother's Ghost,' he told them in an undertone, as he lowered himself gingerly into the plastic chair (one of them had collapsed under him two meetings ago). ‘And Bellchapel. And there's Tony!' he shouted, making Aubrey jump. ‘Come on in, Tony †¦ we'll give Henry and Sheila another couple of minutes, shall we?' The murmur of talk around the table was slightly more subdued than usual. Alison Jenkins was already writing in her notebook. Howard thought angrily, This is all bloody Fairbrother's fault. He was the one who had invited the press in. For a split second, Howard thought of Barry and the Ghost as one and the same, a troublemaker alive and dead. Like Shirley, Parminder had brought a stack of papers with her to the meeting, and these were piled up underneath the agenda she was pretending to read so that she did not have to speak to anybody. In reality, she was thinking about the woman sitting almost directly behind her. The Yarvil and District Gazette had written about Catherine Weedon's collapse, and the family's complaints against their GP. Parminder had not been named, but doubtless the journalist knew who she was. Perhaps Alison had got wind of the anonymous post about Parminder on the Parish Council website too. Calm down. You're getting like Colin. Howard was already taking apologies and asking for revisions to the last set of minutes, but Parminder could barely hear over the sound of her own blood thudding in her ears. ‘Now, unless anybody's got any objections,' said Howard, ‘we're going to deal with items eight and nine first, because District Councillor Fawley's got news on both, and he can't stay long – ‘ ‘Got until eight thirty,' said Aubrey, checking his watch. ‘ – yes, so unless there are objections – no? – floor's yours, Aubrey.' Aubrey stated the position simply and without emotion. There was a new boundary review coming and, for the first time, there was an appetite beyond Pagford to reassign the Fields to Yarvil. Absorbing Pagford's relatively small costs seemed worthwhile to those who hoped to add anti-government votes to Yarvil's tally, where they might make a difference, as opposed to being wasted in Pagford, which had been a safe Conservative seat since the 1950s. The whole thing could be done under the guise of simplifying and streamlining: Yarvil provided almost all services for the place as it was. Aubrey concluded by saying that it would be helpful, should Pagford wish to cut the estate away, for the town to express its wishes for the benefit of the District Council. ‘†¦ a good, clear message from you,' he said, ‘and I really think that this time – ‘ ‘It's never worked before,' said a farmer, to muttered agreement. ‘Well, now, John, we've never been invited to state our position before,' said Howard. ‘Shouldn't we decide what our position is, before we declare it publicly?' asked Parminder, in an icy voice. ‘All right,' said Howard blandly. ‘Would you like to kick off, Dr Jawanda?' ‘I don't know how many people saw Barry's article in the Gazette,' said Parminder. Every face was turned towards her, and she tried not to think about the anonymous post or the journalist sitting behind her. ‘I thought it made the arguments for keeping the Fields part of Pagford very well.' Parminder saw Shirley, who was writing busily, give her pen a tiny smile. ‘By telling us the likes of Krystal Weedon benefit?' said an elderly woman called Betty, from the end of the table. Parminder had always detested her. ‘By reminding us that people living in the Fields are part of our community too,' she answered. ‘They think of themselves as from Yarvil,' said the farmer. ‘Always have.' ‘I remember,' said Betty, ‘when Krystal Weedon pushed another child into the river on a nature walk.' ‘No, she didn't,' said Parminder angrily, ‘my daughter was there – that was two boys who were fighting – anyway – ‘ ‘I heard it was Krystal Weedon,' said Betty. ‘You heard wrong,' said Parminder, except that she did not say it, she shouted it. They were shocked. She had shocked herself. The echo hummed off the old walls. Parminder could barely swallow; she kept her head down, staring at the agenda, and heard John's voice from a long way off. ‘Barry would've done better to talk about himself, not that girl. He got a lot out of St Thomas's.' ‘Trouble is, for every Barry,' said another woman, ‘you get a load of yobs.' ‘They're Yarvil people, bottom line,' said a man, ‘they belong to Yarvil.' ‘That's not true,' said Parminder, keeping her voice deliberately low, but they all fell silent to listen to her, waiting for her to shout again. ‘It's simply not true. Look at the Weedons. That was the whole point of Barry's article. They were a Pagford family going back years, but – ‘ ‘They moved to Yarvil!' said Betty. ‘There was no housing here,' said Parminder, fighting her own temper, ‘none of you wanted a new development on the outskirts of town.' ‘You weren't here, I'm sorry,' said Betty, pink in the face, looking ostentatiously away from Parminder. ‘You don't know the history.' Talk had become general: the meeting had broken into several little knots of conversation, and Parminder could not make out any of it. Her throat was tight and she did not dare meet anyone's eyes. ‘Shall we have a show of hands?' Howard shouted down the table, and silence fell again. ‘Those in favour of telling the District Council that Pagford will be happy for the parish boundary to be redrawn, to take the Fields out of our jurisdiction?' Parminder's fists were clenched in her lap and the nails of both her hands were embedded in their palms. There was a rustle of sleeves all around her. ‘Excellent!' said Howard, and the jubilation in his voice rang triumphantly from the rafters. ‘Well, I'll draft something with Tony and Helen and we'll send it round for everyone to see, and we'll get it off. Excellent!' A couple of councillors clapped. Parminder's vision blurred and she blinked hard. The agenda swam in and out of focus. The silence went on so long that finally she looked up: Howard, in his excitement, had had recourse to his inhaler, and most of the councillors were watching solicitously. ‘All right, then,' wheezed Howard, putting the inhaler away again, red in the face and beaming, ‘unless anyone's got anything else to add -‘ an infinitesimal pause ‘- item nine. Bellchapel. And Aubrey's got something to tell us here too.' Barry wouldn't have let it happen. He'd have argued. He'd have made John laugh and vote with us. He ought to have written about himself, not Krystal †¦ I've let him down. ‘Thank you, Howard,' said Aubrey, as the blood pounded in Parminder's ears, and she dug her nails still more deeply into her palms. ‘As you know, we're having to make some pretty drastic cuts at District level †¦' She was in love with me, which she could barely hide whenever she laid eyes on me †¦ ‘†¦ and one of the projects we've got to look at is Bellchapel,' said Aubrey. ‘I thought I'd have a word, because, as you all know, it's the Parish that owns the building – ‘ ‘ – and the lease is almost up,' said Howard. ‘That's right.' ‘But nobody else is interested in that old place, are they?' asked a retired accountant from the end of the table. ‘It's in a bad state, from what I've heard.' ‘Oh, I'm sure we could find a new tenant,' said Howard comfortably, ‘but that's not really the issue. The point is whether we think the clinic is doing a good – ‘ ‘That's not the point at all,' said Parminder, cutting across him. ‘It isn't the Parish Council's job to decide whether or not the clinic's doing a good job. We don't fund their work. They're not our responsibility.' ‘But we own the building,' said Howard, still smiling, still polite, ‘so I think it's natural for us to want to consider – ‘ ‘If we're going to look at information on the clinic's work, I think it's very important that we get a balanced picture,' said Parminder. ‘I'm terribly sorry,' said Shirley, blinking down the table at Parminder, ‘but could you try not to interrupt the Chair, Dr Jawanda? It's awfully difficult to take notes if people talk over other people. And now I've interrupted,' she added with a smile. ‘Sorry!' ‘I presume the Parish wants to keep getting revenue from the building,' said Parminder, ignoring Shirley. ‘And we have no other potential tenant lined up, as far as I know. So I'm wondering why we are even considering terminating the clinic's lease.' ‘They don't cure them,' said Betty. ‘They just give them more drugs. I'd be very happy to see them out.' ‘We're having to make some very difficult decisions at District Council level,' said Aubrey Fawley. ‘The government's looking for more than a billion in savings from local government. We cannot continue to provide services the way we have done. That's the reality.' Parminder hated the way that her fellow councillors acted around Aubrey, drinking in his deep modulated voice, nodding gently as he talked. She was well aware that some of them called her ‘Bends-Your-Ear'. ‘Research indicates that illegal drug use increases during recessions,' said Parminder. ‘It's their choice,' said Betty. ‘Nobody makes them take drugs.' She looked around the table for support. Shirley smiled at her. ‘We're having to make some tough choices,' said Aubrey. ‘So you've got together with Howard,' Parminder talked over him, ‘and decided that you can give the clinic a little push by forcing them out of the building.' ‘I can think of better ways to spend money than on a bunch of criminals,' said the accountant. ‘I'd cut off all their benefits, personally,' said Betty. ‘I was invited to this meeting to put you all in the picture about what's happening at District level,' said Aubrey calmly. ‘Nothing more than that, Dr Jawanda.' ‘Helen,' said Howard loudly, pointing to another councillor, whose hand was raised, and who had been trying to make her views heard for a minute. Parminder heard nothing of what the woman said. She had quite forgotten about the stack of papers lying underneath her agenda, on which Kay Bawden had spent so much time: the statistics, the profiles of successful cases, the explanation of the benefits of methadone as against heroin; studies showing the cost, financial and social, of heroin addiction. Everything around her had become slightly liquid, unreal; she knew that she was going to erupt as she had never erupted in her life, and there was no room to regret it, or to prevent it, or do anything except watch it happen; it was too late, far too late †¦ ‘†¦ culture of entitlement,' said Aubrey Fawley. ‘People who have literally not worked a day in their lives.' ‘And, let's face it,' said Howard, ‘this is a problem with a simple solution. Stop taking the drugs.' He turned, smiling and conciliating, to Parminder. ‘They call it â€Å"cold turkey†, isn't that right, Dr Jawanda?' ‘Oh, you think that they should take responsibility for their addiction and change their behaviour?' said Parminder. ‘In a nutshell, yes.' ‘Before they cost the state any more money.' ‘Exact – ‘ ‘And you,' said Parminder loudly, as the silent eruption engulfed her, ‘do you know how many tens of thousands of pounds you, Howard Mollison, have cost the health service, because of your total inability to stop gorging yourself?' A rich, red claret stain was spreading up Howard's neck into his cheeks. ‘Do you know how much your bypass cost, and your drugs, and your long stay in hospital? And the doctor's appointments you take up with your asthma and your blood pressure and the nasty skin rash, which are all caused by your refusal to lose weight?' As Parminder's voice became a scream, other councillors began to protest on Howard's behalf; Shirley was on her feet; Parminder was still shouting, clawing together the papers that had somehow been scattered as she gesticulated. ‘What about patient confidentiality?' shouted Shirley. ‘Outrageous! Absolutely outrageous!' Parminder was at the door of the hall and striding through it, and she heard, over her own furious sobs, Betty calling for her immediate expulsion from the council; she was half running away from the hall, and she knew that she had done something cataclysmic, and she wanted nothing more than to be swallowed up by the darkness and to disappear for ever.

Violence, Surveillance & Power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Violence, Surveillance & Power - Assignment Example The training gives the soldiers the mentality to control, conduct surveillance, and cause crisis which leads to violence. The society is framed in such a way that male species are considered dominant over their female counterparts, possessing the ability to kill, albeit emotionally. Even with revolutions caused by modernity and feminist unions, the aspect of male dominance still exists today. Men are trained to kill psychologically, by exerting emotional intimidation to their subject. Violence is a form of expressing dominance over weaker subjects, which may cut across the gender line. This is why government focuses on putting soldiers in extremely difficult situation to revenge, by exerting his presence just by just the way they conduct their business. The society is always watching out, and this controls behavior. As O’Brien observes in â€Å"Speaking of Courage†, men can use intimidation; either through imposing silence on what he feels is not pleasing him or threatening the speaker. Although killing physically is what is considered real killing, the emotional killing men have been trained to adopt has become their trademark. However, it is not always the best solution to exert power because it is only temporary. Examples of those exercising violence are dictators who feel they must force subjects to comply with their decisions. Violence is exercised and not possessed. Most men have abused their superiority over women and violated women’s rights. Females, on the other hand exercise emotional and mental violence to assert their prowess over men. However, this is not as devastating as emotional violence is to men. When the government trains its soldiers to go to the battlefield, images of combat gears is enough to kill the fearful individuals. In the film Full Metal Jacket, a soldier is wearing â€Å"Born to Kill†

CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example Consideration moves from the promisee, not the third party and thus the third party cannot sue upon the contract (Tweddle v Atkinson [1861]2. As imagined, this was done in the interest of certainty in law but it did have the potential of leading to unfairness for a party to whom the benefit was provided, such as that witnessed in Dunlop and Shanklin Pier v Detel Products3. This is where the Law Commission came in with its reforms in 1996. The resulting Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 brought into force that report of the Law Commission (1996) which allows third parties to enforce the contract and be able to sue for breaches subject to a few conditions. Needless to say, this brought forth a welcome wave of statutory protection for third parties which previously were entitled to benefits under that contract but still could not enforce it due to lack of consideration. Section 1 of the Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 provides that a third party may be able to enfo rce the terms of the contract if â€Å"the contract expressly provides that he may† (s.1(1)(a)) and â€Å"the term purports to confer a benefit on him† (s. 1(1)(b)) (except where on proper construction   of the contract it appears that the parties did not intend the term to be enforceable by the third party (s.1(2)). Thus if A agrees to pay C $100 on the performance of an obligation by B, C can enforce that payment if A fails to pay in breach. This was not the case earlier, as seen in Beswick v Beswick4 where the nephew made a contract with his uncle which involved payment of weekly maintenance to the aunt. The House of Lords held that Mrs. Beswick could not enforce the contract since she was not privy to it. In light of the Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 today, it is clear that the case would have been decided differently. The third party may also rely on exclusion clauses in order to protect its interest. However, simply conferring a benefit to the thi rd party may not be enough to grant him a right to sue. Where there is doubt as to whether the parties designed the agreement to avoid conferring a right to sue on the third party, s.1(2) applies and the courts will, on a proper construction of the contract, seek to determine the actual intention of the parties. This presents certain problems if the contract does not expressly state the intention of the parties. In Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd [2003]5, the burden of proof to counter a right granted to a third party to sue under s.1(2) was placed on the party that alleges that such a right has been wrongfully applied (as per Colman J). Thus, in a neutral contract, where there is no language barring the third party to sue, it would usually follow that the statute often grants a right to sue to the third party. This safeguards the third party a little too broadly, and it has been applied differently where the chain of sub-contracts is long. In cases where the contract con sist of sub-contracts that purport to confer a benefit to a third party, it is more likely for courts to construe that parties privy to a sub-contract lower down the chain did not intend to enable the third party benefitting under that contract to sue up the hierarchy the original contractor (see Junior Book v. Veitchi & Co Ltd [1983]6. Of course, it must be noted that the Act does not allow the right to a third party in all cases and the parties may explicitly bar him to sue on it. In addition, there must be some identification

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English Literature lesson 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English Literature lesson 4 - Essay Example It is difficult to maintain a reasonable attitude when only one half of the argument is presented with only an appeal to hold yourself blameless as a newborn baby. This is the crux of my dispute with you regarding our relationship and estrangement. I continue to try to communicate with you as openly as I can, accepting my faults as a father and acknowledging where perhaps I may have had negative affects on you, but you continue to accept no blame or fault in yourself – not in truth. You mouth all the correct platitudes, but you continue to blame me for your character. You say I am not guilty of causing your distress and so you are correct in that I had no control over the way in which you reacted to my personality. This personality is the result of the choices I have made, the thoughts I have entertained, the knowledge I have gained and the beliefs I have accepted. As my child, I had no reason to expect your personality to be so much different from my own. You are my child and raised by my hand from your birth so you should respond in much the same way to the world as I respond myself. But you refused to do this. You were a sickly and crying baby and you seemed to cringe at the slightest kindness. Throughout your childhood I attempted to find ways of interacting with you that would not interfere with your development. I took you places with me and showed off your skills to my constituents. To boast about your skills in front of you would have been to unduly inflate your sense of yourself and make you an impossibly spoiled child. Just the fact tha t I took you should have demonstrated to you the pride I had in you as my son. I have acknowledged previously that I do have a short temper and tend to say things I do not mean when I’m angry. This was the example of my father and, as you learned, of other shopkeepers and

Cause & Effect Essay over Crisis in America's Social Security System

Cause & Effect over Crisis in America's Social Security System - Essay Example The situation facing the social security is pretty clear. It has enough income to last for about thirty years, and it does not seem that it will be running out anytime soon. The program was created to provide benefits to the retired and old age people, and the benefits were said to rise with the growing increase in wages of the people. The fact that the economy is producing more than enough funds to offer an increasing standard of living for the future generations, while also honoring its commitment to the Social Security, comes as a shock to some people. As a matter of fact, the only threat that the social security is facing is from the politicians who are trying to ‘alter’ the system and bring drastic changes by faking a crisis. (The introduction to The changes that Bush wanted to bring would have actually put the Social Security System in crisis. His privatization plan would have half ruled half of the Social Security funds into private accounts. This would have made the Social Security dependent on the Trust Funds, which would have emptied the Trust Funds twenty years sooner, and as a result payments to the people would have reduced by seventy percent. This would have created a real crisis. The Social Security Trust Fund has been in operation for about seventy years. There was a much worse crisis in 1983. The Trust Fund was about to drain then, but the problem as brought under control, and it worked for over fifty years. The Social Security system has been altered a few times, to keep it stable. Even if the government just sits idle and does nothing, then the Trust Fund is said to run out in 2035. But even then the Social Security would not be broke. So the so called crisis said to have occurred, is not much of a threat. The Social Security is well established and is said to run effectively for the next many years. If it is threatened by anything, it is the ‘reforms’ of the politicians and their attacks on then system. Their

The data classification policy Essay Example for Free

The data classification policy Essay The data classification policy is intended to provide a framework for classifying a company’s data based on its level of sensitivity. Data classification entails analyzing the data an organization retains, determining its importance and value, and then assigning it to a category. Data is classified to help determine baselines for security controls in that will be implemented to protect the data. Data classification policies apply to all company employees, their vendors and customers who has authorization to access the data. Anyone who has access to, is responsible for classifying, or is responsible for protecting data and is subject to being held accountable to adhering to the data classification policy. Data classification is the classification of data based on its level of sensitivity and impact to an organization. Impact is determined by how data is disclosed, altered or destroyed without appropriate authorization. How data is classified and the levels of sensitivity associated with it is generally determined by the organization but in some cases the classification is mandated by federal, state and local laws. Data classification levels are typically arranged from the most sensitive data being classified as restricted to unclassified or public data. The classification levels vary depending on the institution. Data is typically classified according to its type such as medical, financial or personal. Most organizations classify data to comply with their requirements of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Data classification is the responsibility data stewards and their primary  purpose is the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data and the data classification reflects to level of impact to the organization if the confidentiality, integrity and availability is compromised.

The Resource Based View Analysis

The Resource Based View Analysis This report reviews empirical studies of the resource-based view (RBV) and examines the benefits and limitations of RBV as the best strategy route in the developing a firms strategy. By having a clear and focused strategic intent, it mobilises an organisation towards achieving the desire position. Through analysing its internal and external environment using the resource based view and Porters industry analysis respectively, firm would be able to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The key to a resource based view is through an understanding the relationships between resources, capabilities, competitive advantage, and economic rent. The RBV identified characteristics of advantage-creating resources such as value, rarity, imitability and Organisation (Clulow et al, 2007; Barney, 1991). In contrast, porters industry analysis focuses on lower cost and product differentiation in achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Despite the conflicting issues, the resource based view has examined issues and new directions that will help to clarify the value and boundaries of the RBV by integrating with Porters industry analysis. Porters framework and the RBV of the firm basically perceived the primary role of strategy as achieving a unique competitive advantage (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). Thus, both frameworks can complement each other as they emphasise in different dimensions of strategy (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). (200 Words) Introduction The resource based view of the firm (RBV) is one of the contemporary strategic management concepts to develop a firms strategy. The primary objective of this report is to accept or reject the contention that resource-based view analysis (RBV) has a strong relationship with firms performance in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. This report reviews the literature on competitive advantage and firm performance. It is divided into five main components. The first section summarizes the literature on competitive advantage from two viewpoints, the Resource Based View (RBV) and Porters Industry Analysis (IA). The second section discusses on the strengths of the RBV in reviews with the literature on strategic intent, threshold resources, capabilities, competitive advantage, core competencies, sustainable competitive advantage and VRIO. The third section illustrates Porters IA in reviews with cost, differentiation, and market focus. The fourth section deliberates the criticisms of the RBV and illustrates how researchers have or have not overcome some of these boundaries. The fifth section is a review of an integration of the RBV and Porters IA in the proposed model of core competencies, competitive advantage and firm performance (Chabert J. M., 1998) (185 Words) The Resource Based View of the Firm Thompson et Al (2010) point out that RBVÂ  [1]Â  uses a companys VRIOÂ  [2]Â  strengths and competitive capabilities to deliver value to customers in way that rivals find it difficult to match. The RBV emphasises the internal capabilities of the organisation in formulating strategy to achieve a SCAÂ  [3]Â  in its markets and industries (Henry, 2008). It holds that firms can earn sustainable abnormal returns if and only they have superior resources and those resources are protected by some form of isolating mechanism preventing their diffusion throughout industry (Value Based Management.net, 2011). The Resourced Based View Assumptions The RBV of firms is based on two main assumptions involved resource diversity and resource immobility (Barney, 1991; Mata et al, 1995). According to Mata et al. (1995), resource diversity concerns whether different firms possess bundles of different resources and capabilities; while resource immobility refers to a resource is difficult to obtain by competitors because it is inelastic in supply or costly. These two assumptions can be used to determine whether an organisation is able to create a SCA by providing a framework for determining whether a process or technology provides a real advantage over the marketplace (Brown, 2007). Thus, the RBV tends to focus on the types of resources and the characteristics of these resources that make them strategically important, the dynamic capability perspective which focuses on how these resources need to change over time to maintain their market relevance (Powell, 2007). The RBV as the best strategy route in developing a firms strategy Today managers are moving manufacturing offshore to lower costs of labour, rationalising product lines to capture global scale economies, instituting quality circles and just in time production, and adopting Japanese human resource practices. It was believed that the application of concepts like strategic fit (between resources and opportunities), generic strategies (low cost, differentiation and market focus) and the strategy hierarchy (goals, strategies, and tactics) have often aided the process of CAÂ  [4]Â  (Hamel and Prahalad 1989; Andrews, 1971). Most companies have approached competitor analysis that focuses on the existing resources like human, technical and financial of present competitors. Whereas, the only threat those companies aware are those with the resources to erode margins and market share in the future. There are few Japanese companies possessed RBV, manufacturing volume or technical competence of U.S. and European leaders. For instance, Canons first halting step s in reprographics business looked pitifully small compared with the $4 billion Xerox powerhouse (Hamel and Prahalad 1989). Strategic Intent Strategic intent envisions a desired leadership position and establishes the criterion the organisation will use to chart its progress where Komatsu set out to encircle Caterpillar. The concept emphasises an active management process that involved focusing the organisations attention on the essence of winning, motivating people by communicating the value of the target, leaving rooms for individual and team contributions, sustaining enthusiasms by providing new operational definitions as circumstances change and using intent consistently to guide resource allocations (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989). Strategic intent captures the essence of winning. For example, the Apollo program where landing a man on the moon ahead of the Soviets was as competitively focused as Komatsus drive against Caterpillar. It is stable over time, in order to challenge global leadership; one of the most critical tasks is to lengthen the organisations attention span. It provides consistency to short term action, which leaving a room for reinterpretation as new opportunities emerge (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989). A firm is said to have a CA when the firm can produce more economically and higher customer satisfaction, and thus enjoy superior performance relative to its competitors (Barney, 1991; Peteraf, 1993). Whereas, Porter (1985) defined CA as the ability to earn returns on investment consistently above the average for the industry by focusing on the companys external competitive environment and how they position themselves against that structure (Halawi L. A., Aronson J. E, and McCarthy R. V., 2005). In contrast, the RBV of strategy points not to industry structure but to the unique cluster of RCÂ  [5]Â  that each organisation possesses (Henry, 2008; Collis and Montgomery 1995; Stalk et al, 1992). Firms Outperform and Maintain Competitive Advantage The Benefits of RBV RBV is best applied for the kind of assessment of a firms existing resource portfolio discussed by Barney (2001) or when exploiting the firms stock of resources to move into new product markets, as in the tradition of Penrose (1959) (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). There are two fundamental reasons for making the RC of the firm the foundation for its strategy. First, it provides the basic direction for a firms strategy and second, they are the primary source of profit for the firm. The RBV perceives the value derived from management skills, information capabilities, and administrative processes can also be regarded as scarce factors able to generate economic rents (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). The concept of a dynamic capability was developed to explain why some firms have been able to outperform their competitors over long periods of time and despite significant changes in the marketplace (Teece et al, 1997). Firms as bundle of Resources Threshold resources are defined as the unique combination of assets and capabilities within a firm that enable firms to develop and implement strategies to meet customers minimum requirements and to improve its overall performance (Scholes J. G., and Whittington, R., 2008). It can be classified as either tangible or intangible resources. Tangible resources refer to the physical assets that a firm possesses and can be characterised as physical resources. In order to add value, these physical resources must be capable to respond to marketplace changes. Intangible resources comprise of human and organisational capitals. It may be embedded in routines and practices that have developed over time within the organisation (Henry, 2008). It includes knowledge based economy, the tacit knowledge and specialist skills of many employees which are difficult for competitors to imitate (Henry, 2008). Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) differentiate between knowledge that can be seen as tacit and explicit. An explicit knowledge or knowing about is shown through communication that can be readily transferred therefore it requires some form of protection like copyright. Whereas, tacit knowledge or know how cannot be codified and it is revealed through its application and acquired through practices such as beliefs and perspectives (Henry, 2008). RBV and Organisational learning The RBV stresses the significance of developing and enhancing those resources that are distinctive, in particular, distinctive capabilities (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997). Ten3 Business e-Coach (2001) defined capabilities as the capacity for a set of resources to interactively perform a business process. Capabilities, are the type of resources that is a source to SCA because they are based on organisational routines and processes, which are socially complex, knowledge-based (explicit and tacit) and difficult to observe and imitate. A firm is able to possess dynamic and operational capabilities, where dynamic capabilities are defined as those processes that allowed the firm to change its resource base in some ways to meet the differences in strategic and competitive challenges (Zubac et al, 2010; Helfat et al, 2007). The concept of a dynamic capability was developed to explain why some firms have been able to outperform their competitors over long periods of time and despite significant changes in the marketplace (Teece et al, 1997). It is specific and identifiable processes involved conceptualisation, product development, strategic decision making and alliancing (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000, p. 1105). Conversely, operational capability is the firms capacity to combine, assemble and deploy the firms assets using pre-determined activities, routines, processes and the skills of its employees to make products and services that are a source of potential profits to the firm available to its customers (Spanos and Lioukas, 2001). However a firm will usually focus on certain capabilities consistent with its strategy such as if a firm is pursuing a differentiation strategy, they would focus on new product development, whereas a firm which adopting low cost strategy would focus on improving manufacturing process efficiency (Henry, 2008). Capabilities, however, are not built in short term basis, they are dependent on a firms personnel, its knowledge and understanding of the marketplace and customers requirements and operations (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997). The Competitive Advantage of RBV Competitive advantages and disadvantages in resources are equivalent to strengths and weaknesses respectively, which stimulate cost and differentiation advantages or disadvantages in competitive product markets (Valentin K. E., 2001). An understanding of industry structure guides managers toward productive possibilities for strategic action, which may include positioning the company to be better cope with the current competitive forces, anticipating and exploiting shifts in the forces, and shaping the balance of forces to create a new industry structure that is more favourable to the company (Porter, 2008). The CA gained by these key intangible assets and capabilities is then reflected in superior performance of the firm in financial terms such as higher profits, increased sales or market share (Clulow et al, 2007; Hunt and Morgan, 1995; Collis and Montgomery, 1995; Fahy, 2002; Wilcox-King and Zeithaml, 2001). The Competencies of an Organisations Henry (2008) evaluated competency as the internal capabilities that firms require in order to be able to compete in the marketplace. In addition, Zubac et al (2010) defined CCÂ  [6]Â  as the collective learning of individual members within the firm and their ability to work across organisational boundaries. Prahalad and Hamel (1990, p. 82) stated that: The skills that together constitute core competence must coalesce around individuals whose efforts are not so narrowly focused that they cannot recognise the opportunities for blending their functional expertise with those of others in new and interesting ways. Thus, a CC or strategic capability can be thought as a collection of features that a firm possesses which enable them to achieve CA. Honda and BMW are examples of the organisations that have achieved CC in a way they configure their value chain respectively (Henry, 2008). RBV and Sources of Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) Barney (1991) suggested that there can be heterogeneity or firm-level differences among firms that allow some of them to SCA. Ten3 Business e-Coach (2001) describes SCA as the continued benefit when an organisation is implementing a value-creating strategy that is not being implemented by current or potential competitors and when these competitors are unable to imitate the benefits of this strategy. Therefore, the RBV emphasises strategic choice, changing the management of the firm with the important task of identifying, developing and deploying key resources to maximise returns (Powell, 2007). Bharadwaj et al. propose a framework of SCA for a firm is derived from the assets and capabilities of the firm. The extent of the service firms SCA is basically determined by the degree of imitability inherent in the firms resources. Kerin et al (1992) presented an integrative framework of the literature on first mover advantage, suggesting that the realisation of SCA, through market pioneering, is contingent on the resources that a firm possesses (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997). Strategic resources and Superior performances As a source of CA, RC must have four attributes which is VRIO in order to outperform others. A resource must be valuable as it enables the firm to conceive or implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness through lower costs and incline of revenue (Ecofine, 2010). Substitutability refers that there must be no strategically equivalent valuable resources that can be exploited to implement the same strategies (12manage, 2008). For instance, Wal-Mart sells most of the same merchandise as its major competitors, but the effectiveness and innovation of its logistics system ensures that it is the market leader in its field. Wal-Marts valuable and imitability point-of-purchase inventory control systems and cross-docking distribution plants have resulted in competitive advantage relative to its major US competitor, K-Mart (Olavarrieta and Ellinger, 1997; Barney, 1995). Porters Framework Porters Industry Analysis There are three sources that is irreproducible such as market structure that limits entry, a companys history which by definition will require time to replicate and tacitness in relationships refers to the routines and behaviours which cannot be imitate since the organisations themselves are unsure how they work (Henry, A., 2008). Porters mentioned that there are only two generic studies to compete either through low cost or product differentiation that lead to superior performance (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). To assist managers in understanding, improving, and implementing a low cost or differentiation strategy, Porter (1985) developed the value chain framework; it is a generic activity template that is used to decompose the firm into the individual activities it undertakes to create value for the customer (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). Economies of Scale Cost leadership is achieved through the aggressive pursuit of economies of scale, product and process simplification, and significant product market share that allows companies to exploit experience and learning effects (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). Dell being one of the organisation are protected by scale economies in their direct-sales method, efficient lean-manufacturing approach, expertise in logistics and supply-chain management. Hence, these capabilities provide it with CA and which its competitive rivals have found difficult to imitate (Henry, 2008). Differentiation and Core Competencies A differentiation demand for creating a product that customer perceives as highly valuable and unique (Hax A. C. and Wilde II D. L., 2003). The first-mover advantage refers to firms which benefit from the learning and experience they acquire as a result of being first in the marketplace like Toyota has achieved CC in the production of petrol-and-electric hybrid cars (Henry, 2008). Hence, a CC should provide access to a wide variety of markets, make significant contribution to perceived customer benefits of the end products and difficult to imitate. Honda is one of the organisations that focuses on the technical excellence of 4-cycle engines, have enabled it to leverage its CC to compete in markets from motorcycles to automobiles to a broad range of gasoline-engine products (Grant, M. R., 2001). Market focus Strategy can be viewed as building defences against the competitive forces or finding a position in the industry where forces are weakest. For instance, Paccar, a firm with heavy-truck market, has chosen to focus on one group of customers that is owner-operators. They have customised every single part of the value chain to work well with the forces in its segment. Thus, Paccar has earned a long-run return on equity above 20 % (Porter, 2008). Criticisms RBV Implications The RBV of the firm is a contemporary theory that provides insights on both strategic and organizational issues. An often-recurring critique on the RBV is that its core logic contains circular reasoning in the specification of the relationship between rents and resources (Truijens, 2003). Foss (2000) argued that the VRIO attributes in the RBV that valuable and rare resources can be sources of SCA is tautological. RBV has little attention on the important issues of how resources can develop and change over time. Likewise, the dynamic role played by individuals within organisations is often assumed to be self-evident and therefore seldom addressed (Henry, 2008). Another critique is that it is not sufficient clear in the RBV on how resources contribute to firm-level value creation and that operationalisation is therefore difficult (Sheehan and Foss, 2007; Priem and Butler, 2001) The RBV emphasises on the role of human capital in the creation of CA, which at the same time caused issues for accountants in terms of total business and intangible asset valuation (Toms, 2010). Accountants similarly are concerned with controls which prevent misappropriation of resources that ultimately are shareholders property. Thus, a theory of value also needs to be one of accountability (Toms, 2010). Conclusion Activity drivers and resources share many similarities, both resources and drivers influence a firms cost and differentiation position, and both need managerial involvement in the sense that drivers must be made controllable, while resources must be organized (Sheehan and Foss, 2007). Although these frameworks have often been presented as conflicting views; they can contribute greatly to the development of a strong business strategy. Since they emphasised different dimensions of strategy, they can complement each other. By integrating these frameworks, it enables activity-based view solves implementation issues that are unresolved when using the RBV (Sheehan and Foss, 2007; Barney and Arikan, 2001). It enhances many of the individual weaknesses of the two views. The activity-based view is weak in its assumptions about factor markets, which would be addressed by the RBV (Sheehan and Foss, 2007; Teng and Cummings, 2002). Thus, Porters industry analysis remains crucial and the choice should not be seen as one of either but rather one of complementarity. (2371 Words)

On Tanabes Logic of Species :: Philosophy Japan Papers

On Tanabe's Logic of Species Tanabe Hajime (1885-1962), another pole of the so-called Kyoto-School of Philosophy of modern Japan, attempts to construct a dialectical, triadic logic of genus, species and individual as a creative synthesis between Eastern and Western philosophy. Although the formal pattern of his method is influenced by the Hegelian dialectic, the way of his thinking is rather prevailed by Kantian dualism. This makes a sharp contrast to his mentor Nishida Kitaro, whose logic of Topos or Place qua Absolute Nothingness is criticized as all-embracing and static in character by him. The difference between them might be parallel to that of Greek and Latin theology concerning the Trinity. Tanabe never presupposes any preexistent entity as the primordial One in the eternal dimension, but rather maintains the individuality as the free subjective agent in the field of history. The dichotomy between the universal and the individual is overcome in and through the mediation of the third term — the spec ies — as the negatively self-realized, specific form of the genus. The species, however, turns out to be the self-estrangement, when it loses the perpetually negative mediation of the free subjective activity of the individual. The species-like substrative being, in its function of negative mediation, is necessary for an individual subject to arise in accordance with the universal genus. The substratum retains its self-identity in the form of continuum, though it contains the negatively opposed moment within itself. The self-identity is no other than the balance between the continuum and the moment of negative opposition. That is, the substratum as matter is the self-negating mediation to a spiritual subject. Spirit cannot manifest itself without the negativity matter has. The substrative continuity of matter is the mediator to the subjective action of the individual person, and functions as the expedient being or means for it. The universal genus is to be actualized only through the mediation of the individual practical subject, and the individual must negatively mediate its own egoity, i. e. , radical evil hidden in the bottom of itself, tending to cling to its self-identity, to be purified through repent ance. This is the self-realization of the principle of the mutual identification of Pathos and Nous. The Pathos corresponds to the species-like substratum, and the sin and evil involved in that substratum is to be purified through its active subjectification. The individual does not disappear into the universality, but rather the universality is to be realized in the individual through the mediation of a particular species as the material substrative being.

America Online Inc., Essay -- Business Case Study Marketing, solution

Strategy Analysis of America Online Inc. Prior to 1995, AOL was very successful in the commercial online industry relative to its competitors CompuServe and Prodigy primarily because of its pricing rate structure which was the easiest for customers to understand and plan for ahead of time. CompuServe and Prodigy offered the same pricing as AOL for its standard service, but, charged additional fees for premium services and downloading which made it more difficult for customers to anticipate their monthly spending. The key changes taking place in the online industry in 1995 are the introduction of the Microsoft network and the coming of use of the Internet World Wide Web which offered alternative channels to content providers that provided more control over their offerings and potentially higher revenues. Microsoft Network took only a 30% commission fee (versus 80% taken by AOL from its content providers’ revenues) from its content providers and offered providers the option of choosing any format and font to display their content (versus the standard screen displays offered by AOL and its rivals). Also, the per-hour pricing policy offered by Microsoft was superior to AOL’s. With the development underway of a way to provide on-line currency collection, the World Wide Web offered huge incentives for providers to start publishing material on the internet by their own means without having to go through a middle-man such as an online provider. Both of these offerings do not bode well f or AOL’s future prospects due to the huge incentives for customers and content providers to switch to these alternative distribution channels. Prior to 1995, there is substantial evidence in the case (Exhibit 2 in the case) to suggest that the benefits of the expense of the free-trial CD marketing programs in acquiring customers will accrue over multiple periods. The average lifetime of a user was projected to be approximately 32 months (prior to 1995) and this makes a strong case, in my opinion, for capitalizing these expenses, as AOL did. With the advent of competition, as discussed earlier, compounded with the difficulty of retaining retail customers, especially online, it is highly unlikely that AOL’s customers are likely to stay for an extended period of time just because of the initial inducements. Hence, I would recommend that the accounting policy be changed gradu... ... $87,471 Million Adjusted Book Value of Capital = Book Value of Capital – Value of Subscriber Acquisition Costs Asset   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $239,754 M- $130,473 M = $109,281 Million   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Subscriber Acquisition Costs Capitalized  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Subscriber Acquisition Costs Expensed Return on Assets (ROA)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (19,294)(1-.34)/406,464 = -3.13%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (70,131)(1-.34)/ 275,991 = -17% Return on Equity (ROE)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (33,647)/217,944 = -15.44%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (84,484) /87,471 = -97% Return on Capital (ROC)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (19,294)(1-.34)/ (21,810+217,944) = -5.31%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (70,131)(1-.34)/109,281 = -42% C.3 Differential Tax Benefit Subscriber Acquisition Costs in 1995 = $111,761 million Amortization of Subscriber Acquisition Costs in 1995 = $60,924 million Tax Deduction if Subscriber Acquisition Costs were expensed = $111,761 million * 0.34 = $ 37,999 million Tax Deduction if Subscriber Acquisition Costs were capitalized = $60,924 million * 0.34 = $ 20,714 million By expensing instead of capitalizing, AOL is able to derive a much larger tax benefit ($37,999 million instead of $20,714 million). The differential tax benefit can be written as: Differential Tax Benefit = $37,999 - $20,714 = $17,285 million

Art and Literature in MacLachlan’s Arthur For the Very First Time and Arnold Lobel’s Frog and Toad Together :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Art and Literature in MacLachlan’s Arthur For the Very First Time and Arnold Lobel’s Frog and Toad Together When it comes to an artist, the perspective of the environment will be very different from individual to individual. This leads to the difference in technique and style When art and literature are put together the picture adds to the words and shows what the literature is describing, rather than just something to look at. Although Lloyd Bloom’s illustrations of MacLachlan’s, Arthur For the Very First Time and Arnold Lobel’s, Frog and Toad Together can not compare to the famous Leonardo, the art in each is very unique. Bloom gives very sharp, detailed drawings, almost like a photo, where as Lobel gives loose, cartoon like drawings. These two books are very different in terms of reading level, which allows Bloom to create more detailed and real life drawing, where as Lobel can get away with a less life orientating, rounded picture, almost like a cartoon. Bloom’s illustrations stay consistent throughout the book with vibrant, life oriented drawings. The black and white, pencil drawn pictures, create almost an exact replica, like a photo, for an older audience which leaves little to the imagination. In the book there is a picture of two children sitting by a pond. There is so much detail in the picture that you can see underneath the water if you look hard enough, along with both children’s reflection in the water. There is an incredible amount of detail which is put together by small amounts of shaded sections and very fine touches of the pencil. This all brings the realism of the picture in order. Realism shows through when the text is read. This book is fiction but very well could be non fiction. It isn’t a pretend book, there aren‘t people with blue hair or even frogs that talk. The amount of detail in the book’s words go along well with the amount of detail in the pictures. The pictures bring and add to the real life situations of the story, and complement the realism of the words. Lobel’s pictures in comparison, are poor drawings and weak in technique. They lack specific detail , like small markings and create an overall round picture. This book was intended for an audience of grades 1-3, much different from the upper level MacLachlan book. Its use of colors and earth tones are dull.

Graphics page Essay

Whether they are interested in tennis, if they are a fan and what events or players would they like to visit if possible. (Interests) Whether or not the person is interested in purchasing such a product that I will be making, and if so why not? * Do they have any suggestions or preferences in what they would like to buy or view from this merchandise? Why is this? * Do they appreciate merchandise such as posters and banners to be colourful, jazzy, plain or dark? The person’s coloured and style preferences perhaps. Do they prefer products to have lots of text information or do they not? If yes, what should the content be about? E. g. ) The product or the purpose?   What sort of images and logos would they prefer to view on these pages, and in what background? E. g. ) Artistic, photographic, computerized, etc†¦ what will create the best effects for people to appreciate it and be attracted to what it is aiming to the audience.   What sort of advertisement methods would most attract them to the product either to purchase it or to view it even? Information such as this provided in the questionnaire results will be very important for me to analyse and use when designing and making my merchandise. I will definitely need to consider it, otherwise there is no point in making these products in such ways that will not attract people, please them or catch their interest to follow the purpose of the poster. The reason for making something is for it to appeal to people’s preferences and the purpose of my tennis poster is to attract people to view it and realise the development of the state-of-the-art tennis stadium. The merchandise acts as examples of what they can purchase at this newly proposed stadium and helps to promote generally. Therefore, I will need to consider aspects such as colour, texture, size, special effects aswell as the type of imagery, content and textual styles I should use in order for it to be portrayed as worthwhile. Therefore the research is essential for this practical area of my project to be good and relevant.

Mental and Emotional Development Essay

Going to school marks a new horizon of a child’s life at a time when he/she thinks they are ready for the greater challenges. Children are curious about the use of letters and words to convey meaning, and have the manual dexterity to hold a pen or pencil and begin to write. Together reading and writing broadens the child’s experience enabling him/her to learn more about the world he/she lives in. Their mental ability allows him/her to understand the symbols of letters and numbers and by manipulating these new experiences develop. The vocabulary of a five year old should be 2000 words and with exposure to new ideas and other children this will rapidly increase. The English language, for example are hard to learn, children can use increasingly complex sentences and make fewer grammar errors as they progress through school. One of the key tasks involves in metal development at this age is logical and consistent thinking. The school aged child also learns to create more and more sophisticated classication systems, such as the characteristics of reptiles and mammals, or the differences between towns and cities. They often involve these new skills in their play such as playing cards. Relational concepts such as left and right are tackled during this phase of childhood, although this is difficult for the child to learn. When number skills are developing, concepts such as clock time can be introduced and also the use of money. The mental developments: Five year olds: 2,000 word vocabulary talks consistently, know primary colours; yellow, red and blue, can count to ten, names days of the week, asks for definitions. Six year olds: Learns to read with understanding, knows some streets in local neighbourhood, and knows difference between morning and afternoon. Seven year olds: Begins to show interest in cause and effect, knows the value of coins, gains satisfaction in conclusions and logical endings, understanding past, present and future time concepts. Eight years old: begins to understand logical reasoning and implications, aware of time, can begin to plan activities for a day, develops understanding of left and right, and appreciates degrees of concepts such as light and pain. Nine years old: Likes to have secrets, can break down difficult skills into manageable component parts, focuses on details. Ten years old: enjoys learning, likes to memorise, and identifies facts concrete and specific thinking. Eleven years old: likes action in learning, concentrates well when working, able to identify and discuss problems. Twelve years old: motivated more by inner drive then competition, able to classify, arrange and generalise; can be critical of own work. Emotional Development: During school years the child learns from the peer group and from friends. By comparing themselves with others in their class, children can adjust their behaviour to meet the society’s expectations. They can also gain more insight into themselves. They also learn to identify which situations require co-operation and which are more competitive. Emotions such as anger and aggression can be seen in a variety of expressions physical shoving and swearing. Many will be aware of the child’s enjoyment of jokes and use of humour. Schools can also provide the child with opportunities for self evaluation, developing self confidence and doubt. Being picked by other children to join a team game, or being sent to a remedial group for reading, will give the child messages about how others perceive them this can differ to the perceptions at home. It is important for those caring for children that they are aware of the attitudes of others and offer opportunities to the child to talk about this. Praise means a lot to a child of this age as it would to a lot of other people. Efforts should be made to recognise each child’s special attributes. Summary of Major Developments: For 5 to 11 year olds: 1. Decreasing dependence on family and developing relationships with other adults and children. 2. Becoming an active, contributing member of the family. 3. Learning how to deal with strong feelings appropriately. 4. Learning how to reason and solve problems logically. 5. Developing understandings of concepts such as number, time and money. 6. Adjusting to changing body image and coming to terms with sex role identity. Adolescence Mental and Emotional Development: Adolescence has been charactised as a time of storm and stress, but many adolescents make the transition from child to adult with relative ease and with little trauma either to themselves or to their parents. It is not surprising that, while their bodies are so rapidly changing, youngsters become quite preoccupied with them and wonder what they will become. Girls see their first period as a positive achievement towards adulthood or a dreadful event which signifies the end of childhood. Boys fear to speak as their voice breaks or they are delighted as their facial hair becomes obviously present. The attitudes displayed will often reflect the attitudes and values held by those close to them, the family or the peer group. Friendships with peers become increasingly close during adolescence as young person seeks acceptance and also friends with who to share the new feelings and experience. It is important that the adult determines the best way to cope with this. Each child is an individual, so the problem will have dealt with taking the child’s particular personality, needs etc into account. The older child also needs to think about their diet school children grow and develop rapidly and expend vast amount of energy. This calls for a diet which is high in protein, iron, calcium and essential vitamins. Studies have shown that there is a difference in the eating pattern between adults and children. Children tend to want to eat more frequently, at any time of the day and prefer foods which they can eat with their hands. Eating habits are established early in the childhood and in societies where television and advertising play a large part in family life it is difficult for parents and carers to insist that the child adheres in a healthy diet. Exercise: All children need to make sure they are getting enough exercise. It is important to encourage activities such as: swimming, walking and cycling. Children should also be encouraged to participate in exercises which they enjoy and which makes them feel good about themselves. They should also make sure that they get plenty of rest and sleep the amount of sleep differs from one person to the next. The amount of sleep for the average child is 8 to 10 hours sleep a night.

Social Networking

English Argumentative Essay Social Networking Most of the people around us today rely on and use social networking, so it has become so famous throughout the world. It includes social websites such as facebook and twitter. I believe that social networking is pretty useful in our daily lives. Easy and quick communication between others is offered through social networking. Nowadays, people prefer using some social networking websites to communicate with each other since it’s more effective and much easier.For example, if someone is in a foreign country and wanted to communicate with his/her friends and family, that person would use facebook or twitter to chat or even webcam with them. If we rely only on television for world news, then we wouldn’t catch up and our knowledge about that news would be limited. Like television, social networking provides news about everything around us, but the only difference is that social networking allows the person to control and organiz e the news.Let’s say that a new invention was explored and you didn’t have time or missed it when it aired on the television, you can simply go to a certain social networking website and search for that invention or easily ask your friends about it online. Social networking is an effective way to make new friends. Since a lot of people rely on social networking, each user of a certain website gains a friend or two occasionally.For example, making new friends on Facebook is as easy as a click. By that, people can improve their social skills effectively. Some people might argue that in order to use social networking, you should use laptops or mobile devices which costs money and uses a lot of electricity. To an extent, it’s true that using social networking is costly for some people, but it’s worth every penny because of its various advantages stated earlier.Social networking, in my opinion, is an essential addition to most people around the world since it provides quick and easy communication between others, it allows people to access and acknowledge world news instantly, and it’s effective for making new friends. I advise people who don’t have an account on any social networking websites to make one and make use of all its advantages! Social Networking November 27, 2012 Essay 3 Introduction Social networking first took off in the past 10 years, and since then it has consumed society to the point where almost no one leaves home without their cell phone and it’s considered weird to not have a Facebook. â€Å"The popularity of social networking sites such as Face book, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Classmates. com more than quadrupled from 2005 to 2009† (Donde, Chopade and Ranjith. 66).In Social Networking Sites – A New Era of 21st Century, Donde, Chopade and Ranjith conduct a conclusion on page 73 of their academic research taken from teenagers of both sexes. They Conclude that the majority of people ages 18 and older have social networking accounts, but also people under the age of 18 also have profiles. They determine that social media sites help reduce stress and provide a freedom of expression. No matter how old or young the users are it provides them with a voice.Social networking has strong influences on society and promotes more positives than negatives, the first reason being global communication. The new age of social networking promotes friendship. Meaning you can talk to a random person in a completely different country. It seems unreal that you can have a relationship with a person half way across the planet where your paths may have never crossed before. Secondly, social media promotes social awareness. Ever since the computer became affordable to the average person the change started to take place.But ever since social media became popular, everyone has a voice. For a quick example, in the spring of 2012, a Kony 2012 video went viral. It was posted on a Monday and by Wednesday over 30 million hits. It had to do with prosecuting a man in Africa who was a war criminal, raping women and stealing boys for his army. Thirdly, social media is very good for spreading information. It makes it very easy to contribute to a fundraiser. When dealing with social media a group can be made and easily joined. Since there is so many people on ocial media sites the can grow rapidly. Like a fundraiser, reunions and staying in touch with old friends is simple as well. It’s as easy as remembering an old friends name then clicking the add friend button. Lastly, the greatest positive to social networking is how convenient and efficient it has become. With the development of internet access on cell phones, it’s now as easy as making a quick phone call as it is to check your social media account. The only negative to this current fad is that it can get distracting while trying to focus on something more important.But none the less has social media connected the whole world and created a voice out of every person. Works Cited Donde, Deepa S. , Prof. , Nepha Chopade, Prof. , and Ranjith P. V. , Prof. â€Å"Social Networking Sites- A New Era of 21st Century. † SIES Journal of Management 8. 1 (2012): 66-73. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Social Networking There are numerous social networking tools available for your use. Whether you’re trying to build your business or just using them to stay in touch with friends and family. A few of the most popular sites are Facebook, Twitter, Windows Live and Google Buzz. According to one study Facebook has over 250,000 users and over 120,000 users log onto the site once per day. The unfortunate thing about these sites is that most people don’t know how to use them to their full potential. Some employees use social networking as a quick break from work. Studies have shown that taking short breaks can make workers more productive, and hopping over to your Facebook page for five minutes to check friends’ activities can be a quick and efficient way to â€Å"get away† mentally, even if you need to stay physically in place (Shinder, 2010). Social networking can be a real advantage to the business world. Many business people are using social networks to build relationships with potential clients and colleagues. Word of mouth has always been one of the best ways to advertise your business and social networking is just an extension of that. Marketing is one of the biggest advantages that social networking provides to businesses. The Internet has created a broad playing field for business competition. Social media plays an important role in a business plan, helping bring businesses and customers together in innovative ways. As a small-business owner, you may have limited resources, making social media even more advantageous. Social media is a powerful tool that savvy business owners can use to increase chances of success. Many businesses do the majority of their business in e-commerce. In order to stay competitive and successful in today’s internet happy society, it’s imperative to use social networking sites to advertise your business. Debra, L., Shinder (2010, August 19). Retrieved from http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10things/10-ways-to-use-social-networking-tools-to-promote-your-business/1760 Social Networking November 27, 2012 Essay 3 Introduction Social networking first took off in the past 10 years, and since then it has consumed society to the point where almost no one leaves home without their cell phone and it’s considered weird to not have a Facebook. â€Å"The popularity of social networking sites such as Face book, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Classmates. com more than quadrupled from 2005 to 2009† (Donde, Chopade and Ranjith. 66).In Social Networking Sites – A New Era of 21st Century, Donde, Chopade and Ranjith conduct a conclusion on page 73 of their academic research taken from teenagers of both sexes. They Conclude that the majority of people ages 18 and older have social networking accounts, but also people under the age of 18 also have profiles. They determine that social media sites help reduce stress and provide a freedom of expression. No matter how old or young the users are it provides them with a voice.Social networking has strong influences on society and promotes more positives than negatives, the first reason being global communication. The new age of social networking promotes friendship. Meaning you can talk to a random person in a completely different country. It seems unreal that you can have a relationship with a person half way across the planet where your paths may have never crossed before. Secondly, social media promotes social awareness. Ever since the computer became affordable to the average person the change started to take place.But ever since social media became popular, everyone has a voice. For a quick example, in the spring of 2012, a Kony 2012 video went viral. It was posted on a Monday and by Wednesday over 30 million hits. It had to do with prosecuting a man in Africa who was a war criminal, raping women and stealing boys for his army. Thirdly, social media is very good for spreading information. It makes it very easy to contribute to a fundraiser. When dealing with social media a group can be made and easily joined. Since there is so many people on ocial media sites the can grow rapidly. Like a fundraiser, reunions and staying in touch with old friends is simple as well. It’s as easy as remembering an old friends name then clicking the add friend button. Lastly, the greatest positive to social networking is how convenient and efficient it has become. With the development of internet access on cell phones, it’s now as easy as making a quick phone call as it is to check your social media account. The only negative to this current fad is that it can get distracting while trying to focus on something more important.But none the less has social media connected the whole world and created a voice out of every person. Works Cited Donde, Deepa S. , Prof. , Nepha Chopade, Prof. , and Ranjith P. V. , Prof. â€Å"Social Networking Sites- A New Era of 21st Century. † SIES Journal of Management 8. 1 (2012): 66-73. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Social Networking November 27, 2012 Essay 3 Introduction Social networking first took off in the past 10 years, and since then it has consumed society to the point where almost no one leaves home without their cell phone and it’s considered weird to not have a Facebook. â€Å"The popularity of social networking sites such as Face book, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Classmates. com more than quadrupled from 2005 to 2009† (Donde, Chopade and Ranjith. 66).In Social Networking Sites – A New Era of 21st Century, Donde, Chopade and Ranjith conduct a conclusion on page 73 of their academic research taken from teenagers of both sexes. They Conclude that the majority of people ages 18 and older have social networking accounts, but also people under the age of 18 also have profiles. They determine that social media sites help reduce stress and provide a freedom of expression. No matter how old or young the users are it provides them with a voice.Social networking has strong influences on society and promotes more positives than negatives, the first reason being global communication. The new age of social networking promotes friendship. Meaning you can talk to a random person in a completely different country. It seems unreal that you can have a relationship with a person half way across the planet where your paths may have never crossed before. Secondly, social media promotes social awareness. Ever since the computer became affordable to the average person the change started to take place.But ever since social media became popular, everyone has a voice. For a quick example, in the spring of 2012, a Kony 2012 video went viral. It was posted on a Monday and by Wednesday over 30 million hits. It had to do with prosecuting a man in Africa who was a war criminal, raping women and stealing boys for his army. Thirdly, social media is very good for spreading information. It makes it very easy to contribute to a fundraiser. When dealing with social media a group can be made and easily joined. Since there is so many people on ocial media sites the can grow rapidly. Like a fundraiser, reunions and staying in touch with old friends is simple as well. It’s as easy as remembering an old friends name then clicking the add friend button. Lastly, the greatest positive to social networking is how convenient and efficient it has become. With the development of internet access on cell phones, it’s now as easy as making a quick phone call as it is to check your social media account. The only negative to this current fad is that it can get distracting while trying to focus on something more important.But none the less has social media connected the whole world and created a voice out of every person. Works Cited Donde, Deepa S. , Prof. , Nepha Chopade, Prof. , and Ranjith P. V. , Prof. â€Å"Social Networking Sites- A New Era of 21st Century. † SIES Journal of Management 8. 1 (2012): 66-73. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. .

Relationship between organizational culture and performance Essay

The topic of the link between organizational culture and performance have drawn considerable interest from both academics and practitioners because this theme can help managers design suitable strategies and goals to increase level of performance as well as providing competitive advantage to firms. Among numerous studies discussing about this subject, I found two journals that contains valuable data for interpreting the close relationship between them: â€Å"Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance† of Awadh and Saad (2013) and Rose et al. (2008)’s â€Å"Organizational Culture as a Root of Performance Improvement†. Both journals stated a hypothesis that there is a transparent link between them and a good organizational culture may positively influence its performance. While the former journal focused on indentifying and measuring strong relationship between performance and organizational culture in general, the latter examined this relation in spe cific case among American, Japanese, European and Malaysian multinational companies operating in Malaysia by obtaining necessary data from self-administered questionnaires designed for respondents of high technology industry. Sixteen items adapted from Rajendar and Jun Ma’s (2005) work were used to assess the organizational culture on seven-point scale which represents the agreement of respondents. This secondary research paper which is used as a report of my understanding after reading these two journals will focus on general useful information about organizational culture, performance and their mutual influences. Discussion of findings Organizational culture Since culture plays a significant role in how the employees and managers work in the firm, the organizational culture is one of the most popular and controversial concepts in the fields of management and organizational theory (Ogbonna and Harris, 2000). Awadh and Saad (2013) defined organizational culture as a combination of shared complex social phenomena such as values, beliefs, communications and explanations guiding employees’ behaviors. This definition is widely agreed by many other researchers such as Ehtesham et al. (2011) who stated that each organization has a unique culture. valuable source of competitive advantage and Lunenburg (2011) who explained more clearly about four major functions of organizational culture: â€Å"gives members a sense of identity, increases their commitment, reinforces organizational values, and serves as a control mechanism for shaping behavior†. The culture of an organization can do its functions and transfer its messages to employees by four common ways: stories, rituals, material symbols and language (Robbins and Coulter, 2009). Rose et al. (2008) not only supported Awadh and Saad for their basic understanding about the culture of an organization but also chose the same three perspectives about organizational culture’s dimensions to include in their research: Hofstede’s (1980), Schwartz’s (1994) and Trompanaars’s (1993). Hofstede’s four dimensions including individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity are considered to be the initial idea for all other’s theory. These dimensions were identified through the value’s comparison among 53 national subsidiaries’ employees and managers of IBM Corporation. In 1998, he worked together with Bond to detect the fifth dimension called â€Å"long-term versus short-term orientation†. Schwartz based on Hofstede’s study to build a model containing only two kinds of dimension: conservatism versus autonomy (affective and intellectual) and self-enhancement (hierarchy and mastery) in 19 94. Similarly, in 1993, Trompanaars brought a model of seven dimensions which can be a good supported for Hofstede’s model: five under the broad heading of relationship  with  people  communitarians, neutral versus emotional, specific versus diffuse and achievement versus ascription), attitudes to time and attitudes to the environment. These three perspectives of culture dimensions seem to be quite different from seven dimensions of nature culture I have learnt at my university: innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressive and stability (Robbins and Coulter, 2009). However, all of these views to look into culture dimensions are helpful for presenting effective relationship between distinctive sets of norms and values in different ways. Moreover, the authors of the two journals also share the same understanding about a strong culture. They both agreed that a strong culture should include integrated and effective set of values and beliefs from policies, procedures and objectives designed by top manager which can influence upon employees’ behaviors, may bring about a high degree of organization performance and sustainability, and cannot be imitated because of its unique quality. In addition, Awadh and Saad (2013) also mentioned two more levels of culture: sub culture 2 (organization segments with different culture on the basis of geographical areas, job requirements and department goals) and weak culture (the loosely knit organization culture that seems to be more innovative and can help the organization remain its superior performance since it is able to adapt the changes in environmental conditions). 2. Performance and its closely knit relationship with organizational culture Awadh and Saad (2013) defined performance as the degree of an achievement after fulfilling the organizational mission at workplace which may become the measurement of transactional, efficiency and effectiveness towards organization goals. Rose et al. (2008) thought that performance is a broader indicator that may contain productivity, quality and consistency. According to Rose et al. (2008), performance measures can be comprised of results, behaviors (criterion-based) and relative (normative) measures, education and training concepts and instruments, including management development and leadership training for building necessary skills and attitude of performance management. Both journals mentioned about the traditional performance measurement basing on strategic performance system which includes both financial and non-financial measures and means that we should also consider about intangible asset. Using this method leads to competitiveness which can help in enhancing competitive advantage based upon effective pressures (Rose et al., 2008). Awadh and Saad (2013) mentioned about four casual relationships between performance management and culture: growth, customers, internal business process and financial reward management system. They said that learning about these four relations can help focusing on cooperative tools of an organization to improve communication and receive feedback which may enhance the performance management. Awadh and Saad (2013) also defined three contributions of culture to performance: forceful management, nature and scope of culture based upon theoretical point of view and competitive advantage attained through strong association and establishment of culture. These findings showed two main inferences: culture and performance are interrelated, and superior and imitable relationship with competitors may result in a sustainable competitive advantage. Awadh ad Saad (2013) explained the process that culture may influence performance in six main facets: the strong culture enable efficient management of work force employees, the net profit enhances performance of employees, the common path of making perfect use of resources helps organization positively develop, the culture provides competitive edge, employee commitment and group efficiency improve performance upon organization sustainability and the nature and power of organization culture influence upon sustainability and effective of  organization. All of these findings might help practitioners and academics to manage the value of culture based upon degree of performance. The survey carried out by Rose et al. (2008) revealed that American and European multinational companies, those have higher mean scores in organizational performance, were performing well in all four dimensions compared to Japanese and Malaysian multinational companies: high scores in individualism, low power distance, low uncertainty avoidance and femininity. The findings of their study were reported that the organizations which pay attention to the cultures are more successful. They explained that focusing on cultures provides better financial returns which are significantly correlated to the cultural strength and healthier employee attitudes, the prerequisites to financial and market performance advancement. They also reported that industry moderates the link between corporate culture and performance. These results have advanced understanding of the determi nants and performance effects of corporate culture. Although the two journals seem to have a limitation of a small sample since researching in a wider population is impossible which makes it hard to draw any certain conclusion, Rose et al. (2008)’s research still had a certain strength since they could be able to approach managers and executives from 240 different multinational companies to collect the necessary data. The results of two studies brought about valuable recommendations for employees to try their best in perceiving the organizational culture and top managers to motivate their workers in achieving the company’s objectives by providing a precise guideline and direction. Moreover, the most important thing is that both journals greatly contributed closely knit arguments to prove that there exists a clear link between a strong culture and good organizational performance. REFERENCES Awadh, A.M. Sadd, A.M. 2013. Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2. Ehtesham, U.M. Muhammad , T. M. Muhammad, S.A. 2011. Relationship between Organizational Culture and Performance Management Practices: A Case of University in Pakistan. Journal of Competitiveness. Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Difference in Work Related Value, London, Sage Publication. Hofstede, G. Bond, M. H. 1998. The Confucius Connection: from Cultural Roots to Economic Growth, Organ Dyn, 5-21. Lunenburg, F. C. 2011. Organizational Culture-Performance Relationships: Views of Excellence and Theory Z. National Forum of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 29. Ogbonna, H. Harris, L.C. 2000. Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 766-788. Rose, R.C. Kumar, N. Abdullah, H. Ling, G.E. 2008. Organizational Culture as a Root of Performance Improvement: Research and Recommendations. Contemporary Management Research, 4, 43-56. Robbins, S.P. Coulter, M. 2009. Organizational culture and environment. Management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Schwartz, S.H. 1994. Beyond Individualism/ Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication. Trompanaar, F. 1993. Riding the Waves of Culture. London: Economist Books.