The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard Times Essay -- Ballet Economy Economi

The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard TimesVisions of the Sugar Plum Fairy may be dancing in some peoples heads for this up-coming Christmas season, but for the Boston Ballet, a non-profit organization, these visions ar being high kicked out of the way by the receiving set City Rockettes, who will be replacing the Nutcracker at the Wang Theatre in the 2004 season.With the suffering economy that has engulfed the nation, many non-profit organizations in the Boston area are feeling a financial burden, most recently the Boston Ballet. The ballet, which is famous for its annual Christmas production of the Nutcracker, faced a $3.5 million budget cut this year, in addition to losing their space to the Rockettes and having to find a new home for next year. One ballet board member told The Boston Herald that the Nutcracker is release because attendance has been a drain for some time and people are tired of it. The attendance has been falling like a rock year aft(prenominal) year.Despite the B oston Ballets recent bad fortune, many non-profit organizations in this area admit that they have seen a drop within the away couple of years, but say they are back on their feet again as far as donations and attendance.One major non-profit organization, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, or BSO, said despite the poor economy they continue their mission, which, according the their website www.bso.org, is to increase the understanding and enjoyment of music by creating performances and by providing educational and training programs at the highest level of excellence. The BSO admits that while they have seen some drops in donations as well as attendance, it does seem to be leveling off.The poor economy has absolutely caused a problem as far as attendance a... ...ttract student discounts, and I think I will look into getting one for myself, said Galanter.The success of the MFA is closely tied to the quality of its exhibits. We currently have Rembrandts Journey on view. Our next major ex hibition is Gauguin Tahiti which opens in February, said Petruccelli.Our cultural neighbors struggled somewhat because of the poor economy. However, these non-profit organizations have fared well in these hard times, both in terms of income and assets, and have since been recovering strongly enough that meeting their financial goals in the afterlife seems promising. For the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Huntington Theatre Company, and the Museum of Fine arts, the worst is behind them, and they are optimistic about their future. The Boston Ballet, on the other hand, has yet to finalize a home for the 2004 production of the Nutcracker.

Scarlet Letter Essay + :: essays research papers

Throughout life we all will be faced with hypocrites or have the choice to be true to ourselves or to deceive ourselves. Especially as a Christian you whitethorn wonder if people look at you as a hypocrite and should also strive to not be one. Of course, the most important part is to be true to yourself because only then may you be true to God and to others. Nathaniel Hawthorne also shows this in The Scarlet Letter through the characters he portrays. In chapter 20, Hawthorne writes, &8220No man, for any considerable period, can dampen one fact to himself and another to the multitude, without finally getting bewildered as to which may be true. Hiding the uprightness from others just confuses life and oneself.Hawthorne often focuses on the point that truth reveals itself. For instance, Hester Prynne was quite aware of the fact that truth will be revealed. She was forced to wear a scarlet &8220A on her bosom, which stood for adultery, for her entire life. integrity was revealed to H ester by the fact that she became pregnant with a child as a result of her sin. bone noticed her mother&8217s scarlet A as a baby and was attracted to it instantly for some reason. Pearl notices the letter as an infant as her &8220eyes had been caught by the glimmering of the gold embroidery rough the letter, and, putting up her hand, she grasped at it&8230(98) and Hester feels the &8220torture inflicted by the intelligent touch of Pearl&8217s baby hand. (98). This seems to suggest that truth was once again revealed to Hester whenever Pearl noticed the scarlet letter and it shows how Pearl seemed to know the significance of the letter as an infant. While Hawthorne shows how truth revealed itself to Hester he shows a different way that truth was revealed to rarified Arthur Dimmesdale. At the beginning of the novel Dimmesdale seems to be doing a good job of keeping his secret to the whole town who respects him immensely. Although in the scratch line chapter Reverend Dimmesdale argu es on Hester&8217s behalf the town seems to think nothing of this other than that he is trying to not judge her. As the new doctor in town Roger Chillingworth befriends Reverend Dimmesdale. Chillingworth notices a scarlet letter of guilt on the Reverend&8217s chest and soon begins to take his revenge. The doctor who plays on the Reverend&8217s guilt increases Dimmesdale&8217s torment.

Voice, Imagery, Symbols and Theme in Snows of Kilimanjaro Essay

Voice, Imagery, Symbols and Theme in S forthwiths of Killamanjaro The Snows of Kilimanjaro, a short story by Ernest Hemingway, is a brilliant study of a mans final hours precluding death. The story centers around Harry and his wife, waiting for a plane to come and take him to a doctor or hospital. Thus begins a stream of passages that takes the reader along with Harry while he drifts in and come forth of consciousness, moving from one life to the next. The obvious mind is death and dying, besides the home theme is Harrys return to his past, and his journey to the present. Hemingway uses animal imagery in the story to reflect the dying theme, and to show two translucent sides of Harry, and his passing from life to death . The story opens with Harry discussing his dying leg and the smell that the infection or gangrene creates. He reflects on the three lifesize birds (vultures) waiting in the horizon Look at them, he said. now is it sight or is it scent that brings them like that ? His use of adjectives to describe the birds and their waiting for him to dull projects a feeling of death, and sets the tone for the story, using words such as obscene and shadow and sail to correlate the emergence of the birds with the ascent of death. ...as he looked disclose past the shade onto the glare of the plane there were three of the big birds squatted obscenely, while in the sky a dozen more sailed, making strong moving shadows as they passed. His introduction of various animals that are typically associated with death and dying into the story at intervals replicate the passing phases of the death process. Theyve been there since the looked out past the shade onto the glare of the plane there were three of the big birds squatted obs... ...y were out.. The Snows of Kilimanjaro is a powerful story, beautifully written, chronicling one mans journey from life to death. Its a pace by step process, with each step brilliantly depicted in a small passing of time. It move d up closer to him still and now he could not speak to it, and when it saw he could not speak it came a little closer, and now he tried to send it away without speaking, but it moved in on him so its weight was all upon his chest, and while it crouched there he could not move, or speak.. At the end of the story the animal emerges again, this time serving as the call to Harrys death. Just then the hyena stopped whimpering in the night and started to make a strange, human, almost crying sound. The woman heard it and stirred uneasily. Works CitedHemingway, Ernest. The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Baym, et al. 2 1687-1704.

Crimea: Paradise Divided Essay -- World Civilization

Crimean history would suggest that it is folly to think that possession of any place, especially paradise, is anything separate than a tenancy (Newman, 2011).Crimea may be compared to paradise, the crowning glory of many an empire, and it is no wonder with its subtropical climate, fertile lands, soft meadows and sprawling coastline. But the rattling aspects that make an Eden out of the Crimean Peninsula have also been the causes of struggle and conflict. For it may be said that Crimea is a contested land in an identity crisis and is the master of much debate still today. Divided by conflicting ethnicities, passed through the hands of the ancient Greeks to Ukraine and left battered by three major wars, Crimea rightfully is the jewel of many crowns (Newman, 2011).The period between 1 B.C. to 1475 set the stage for what was to become Crimeas legacy. It was the rich resources offered by the peninsula that first attracted the Greeks in 1 B.C. (Crimea, 2011 ). Crimea presently became an important source of wheat for the kingdom (Rubel, 2003). However, the Greeks were unable to maintain a firm hold on the peninsula and were constantly warding off invaders. It became apparent that Crimea was not to brook in the hands of one group for long, a fact that has been the bane of many empires ever since. First the Goths and then the Huns, Slavs and Mongols following in succession invaded Crimea everyplace the next thousand years (Crimea). Each fought to achieve control over what many deemed as paradise. The Romans were not to be left out either. By establishing protectorates and naval bases, they capitalized upon the fact that Crimea was an excellent area to position a navy and created the earliest ancestor to the Black Sea Fleet (Rubel, 2003). Navies were to bec... ...ecked/topic/514064/Russo-Turkish-wars Simonsen, S. (2000). You take your oath save once Crimea, the black sea fleet, andnational identity among russian officers. Nationalities Papers, 28(2), 289. The c rimean khanate- a brief history. (2008). Retrieved from http//www.accesscrimea.com/crimean-khanate The transfer of the crimea to the ukraine. (2005, July). Retrieved from http//www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html TJK. (2004). The tatar khanate of crimea. Retrieved from http//www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Crimean_Khanate Voyetekhov, B. (1943). Last days of sevastopol. Saturday evening Post, 215(46), 18-106. Zihni, A. (2010). Pages from the history of the crimea, the ukraine, caucasia, poland and muscovy. Washigton, DC The International Commitee for Crimea. Retrieved from http//www.iccrimea.org/historical/tevarih20100908.pdf

Formalistic and Dialogic Analysis of The Descent of Odin :: Descent of Odin Essays

Formalistic and Dialogic Analysis of The Descent of Odin      Poems are more that words on a pluck of paper, it is a grand play with different characters strewn onto the pages. The Descent of Odin is a rime with a story with a rich vein of conversation embedded into it. By using the formalistic and dialogic method, I plan on showing you these jewels that I found while reading this poem.   The first spokesperson that is found in the poem is the voice of the Narrator. When using the Dialogical Method, the reader notices that the voice is obviously an older person. Now, when the poem is turned to Formalistic, see how the point of view of the Narrator is like a intercessor at the beginning at the poem. There he is looking out during the vocal transitions between Odin and the Prophetess, then relays it back to the reader (HCAL, Dialogics pg 349,P.O.V. pg. 87, Voice pg, 89). His speech is actually sensual and symbolic, which adds to the darkness of the poem. The first example of this is the beginning of the poem where you can read it (HCAL pg 85). Up rose the king of men with speed, And saddled straight his sable steed Down the yawning steep he rode, That leads to Helas drear abode (The Descent of Odin, Lines 1-4). reflexion the wording that he uses for the color of the steed coal-black, the slope of the steep. It causes the reader to take another(prenominal) glance at the poem to visualize what is going on with their mind and imagine that they are there watching The king of men ride his knight to Helas abode. The second example is found in the second paragraph. Right against the eastern gate, By the moss-grown pile he sate Where long of yore to sleep was place the dust of the prophetic maid (Odin, lines 17-20).   Now we take a glance at the voice of Odin, the mighty god of war. Fix onto the lines of Odin when he first speaks. His voice is not induced with flowery language instead it is very plain with even tones. The voice of Odin causes the reader to be pulled back to earth (HCAL pg 87). The voice seems to say, Look at me, listen to me Now look at how he converses with the Prophetess Yet a while my call obey Prophetess awake, and say.

Formalistic and Dialogic Analysis of The Descent of Odin :: Descent of Odin Essays

Formalistic and Dialogic Analysis of The Descent of Odin      Poems are more that words on a piece of paper, it is a grand scam with different characters strewn onto the pages. The Descent of Odin is a numbers with a story with a rich vein of conversation embedded into it. By using the formalistic and dialogic method, I plan on showing you these jewels that I open up while reading this poem.   The start-off voice that is found in the poem is the voice of the Narrator. When using the Dialogical Method, the subscriber notices that the voice is obviously an older person. direct, when the poem is turned to Formalistic, see how the point of view of the Narrator is like a mediator at the beginning at the poem. There he is looking out during the vocal transitions between Odin and the Prophetess, then relays it back to the reader (HCAL, Dialogics pg 349,P.O.V. pg. 87, Voice pg, 89). His speech is very sensual and symbolic, which adds to the darkness of the poem. T he first example of this is the beginning of the poem where you can read it (HCAL pg 85). Up rose the king of men with speed, And saddled straight his coal-black steed Down the yawning launch he rode, That leads to Helas drear abode (The Descent of Odin, Lines 1-4). Look the wording that he uses for the color of the steed coal-black, the slope of the steep. It causes the reader to take another glance at the poem to visualize what is going on with their mind and imagine that they are there watching The king of men ride his horse to Helas abode. The second example is found in the second paragraph. Right against the eastern gate, By the moss-grown pile he sate Where long of yore to sleep was laid the dust of the prophetic wet nurse (Odin, lines 17-20).   Now we take a glance at the voice of Odin, the mighty god of war. Fix onto the lines of Odin when he first speaks. His voice is not induced with ornate language instead it is very plain with even tones. The voice of Odin causes t he reader to be pulled back to earth (HCAL pg 87). The voice seems to say, Look at me, listen to me Now look at how he converses with the Prophetess Yet a while my call obey Prophetess awake, and say.

Ergonomics Organizational Ergonomics

QUESTION 4. DICUSS ERGONOMICS. HOW IS ERGONOMICS RELATED TO QUALITY? Ergonomics is also known as gentleman factors engineering. It is the study bear on with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theoretical principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human good being and overall system performance. Ergonomics is the study of employment in relation to the environment in which it is performed (the workplace) and those who perform it (workers).It is used to determine how the workplace rump be designed or adapted to the worker in order to prevent a variety of health problems and to increase efficiency as rise up as quality of products and services. The study helps in understanding how work is done and how to work better towards quality improvement. Domains of Specialization Ergonomics denotes the science of work it is a systems-oriented discipline, which now applies to all aspects of human activity.Ergonomists must have a broad understanding of the full scope of the discipline, taking into account the physical, cognitive, social, organizational, environmental and other applicable factors since domains of specialization represent deeper competencies in specific human attributes or characteristics of human interaction- Physical Ergonomics Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiologic and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.The relevant topics include working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health. Cognitive Ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.The relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, hu man reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design. Organizational Ergonomics Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes so as to id in quality improvement in every aspect of the organization. The relevant topics include communication amongst workers & departments, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, federation ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, organizational culture, virtual organizations, tele-work, and quality management.?

Benazir Income Support Programme Research Proposal Essay

In this ongoing seek, the exploreer wants to analyze the Benazir Income documentation Programme (BISP). retention in view the agenda of our research the researcher identify the main organizational model and implement structure, characteristics or components of Benazir income support programme and there affects in friendly, want altogethereviation/reduction and economy of Pakistan.Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) has been initiated by Government of Pakistan with initial parcelling of Rs.34 billion (US $ 425 million approximately) for the year 2008-09 which is the third largest allocation in the total budget and is 0.3% of the GDP for the year 2008-09. The Programme has been initiated to partially offset the impact of inflation on the purchasing power of the poorer sections of the company. In the geezerhood 2005-07, inflation stood at almost 10% with food inflation in the range of 13-15%. In the year 2007-08 sharp rise in oil prices and primary feather products in the international as well as domestic market resulted in double digit inflation rate, which has almost halved the purchasing power of the people. and so there is urgent need for direct and speedy relief to the poor sections of the society and BISP is the response to the above compulsions.The Programme is aimed at covering almost 15% of the entire population, which constitutes 40% of the population below the penury line. A monthly payment of Rs.1000/ per family would increase the income of a family earning Rs.5000 by 20%. BISP will cover all four provinces including FATA, AJK, and FANA & ICT. Husband, wife and dependent children constitute a family. There are quite a few reasons behind this perception, the leading one being that the view is fairly new and very attractive in frame to describe the role and structural factors, mechanism of Benazir income support programme. The purpose and goal behind this cultivation is to ultimate define the pro and cons of Benazir income support prog ramme and their effects on Pakistan economy and what impact on poverty reduction and scotch factors? i. DescriptionThe proposed research will focus on the Benazir Income Support Programme mechanism , structure and their distribution of funds, impact on poverty reduction and alleviation, empowerment of womens and frugal factors. The research will initially be carried out locally which can be expanded to other major cities as and when required according to our research prerequisites. Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) working as to help the needy people of the society to a great extent and mitigate their sufferings. Some former economic experts said the programme should provide benefit as many as three million people will be implemented with complete transparentness and beyond political affiliations.The special feature of the programme is to give priority to remote and backward areas where the people have fewer chances of business and employment. The government he said would p rovide maximum relief to 33 percent people living below the poverty line by supporting them through Benazir Income Support Programme. The main objective of the study is to determine either the BISP achieve their goals in fiat of poverty alleviation/reduction, empowerment of women and social and economic factors. In order to need of this research, tools like interviews and questionnaires will be used in addition to the literature available. On the basis of these findings, inference and analysis will be make to reach to the answers of our research objectives. Economic Context2005-2007Inflation over 10%Food Inflation 13-15%2007-2008Oil price shock, inflation rate doubled buy power since 2005 halvedInflation in 2008-2009 was above 20%Urgent need for direct and speedy reliefDemographic ContextAll 4 provinces, including FATA, AJK, FANA & ICTHouseholds 25 mPopulation 166 mAssumed Poverty Line 33%Bottom 33%Bottom 20%Bottom 10%Household8.2 m5.0 m2.5 mPopulation55.0 m33.2 m17 mSource Pakis tan Economic Survey, 2007-08 adjusted for AJK & FANA populationBISP Cash TransferComplements other social protection instruments and services like health, education etc. Confers dignity and choice.Lower transaction cost and higher value to beneficiaries than in-kind support. Impacts short term food security system and long term alleviation of poverty. BISP can serve as a mechanism to deliver cash assistance in times of natural disasters/ crisis in affected areas.ii. scientific ObjectivesThe main idea and objective behind this research is to find whether the Benazir income support programme have properly working in order to achieve their objective for ultimate reduction in poverty alleviation, empowering women and stabilize the economy and reduction in unemployment or other economic consequences. BISP is based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the globally agreed set of social and economic targets that are supposed to be realized by 2015. The idea of BISP was to bring the women into the mainstream. besides cash help, the programme caries other benefits like health and accident insurances as well as vocational training so that the recipients ultimately let self-sufficient. The hypothesis formulated would beNull HypothesisBenazir Income Support Programme is fully geared and helping towards in orderof reduction in poverty alleviation and empowerment of women in Pakistan. Alternative HypothesisBenazir Income Support Programme is non fully geared and helping towards in order of reduction in poverty alleviation and empowerment of women in Pakistan. The main objectives which are intended to be completed by the end of the study are A step to compensate low income families for reduction of purchasing power. A cash grant of Rs. 2000/ every alternate month.Only one benefit per family.Empowering Women Only female recipients young-bearing(prenominal) head of family or adult female member of the family can be a recipient. This is not a party specific programm e, it is for the people of Pakistan, because of its transparency, the entire world, and bestower agencies are cooperating and are sending their offers to us. To helping the families of the victims of bomb blasts and those of the earthquakes as well as the displaced persons from the Swat region and bajour agency and etc. To reduction in poverty alleviation.Be timely and unbiased.Temporary so as not to create dependency.Not too large, so as not to jeopardize work incentives or have an inflationary effect. Careful attention to design and implementation.Careful monitoring and evaluation.Eligibility criteria to be predefined, transparent, easy to explain and simple to administer. Important linkages to the some studies and work perfect(a) by various workers in the field highlighted below ReferencesDr. Mukhtar Ahmad, Director General (Operations) BISP.Grosh, M., Ninno, C., Tesliuc, E. & Ouerghi, A. (2008), the Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets For Protection & Promotion the World Bank, Washington, D.C. www.bisp.gov.pkwww.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=2949iii. MethodologyThe methodology involved in this research the researcher would be used substance analysis both as qualitative and three-figure. Content analysis is part of the empirical, social scientific tradition and it is method which has been developed to investigate the patterns of our study. The two major techniques of content analysis, depending on the analytical methods used, which are quantitative content analysis and qualitative content analysis. Quantitative AnalysisThe purpose of this analysis is to quantify and manifest features of a large number of media texts. Qualitative analysis is broadly concerned with how often a variable is presented and the amount can communicate in numbers. Which allows great precision in reporting the results? So in quantitative research process the application of different test would be made and regression analysis would be used and run. Qualitat ive Content AnalysisThis shell of content analysis contains a minimum of quantitative measurement, standardization and mathematical techniques (opposite). Qualitative analysis of content is used to explain the quantitative data and to sympathize direction of the contents. Steps of Content AnalysisUniverse of the StudyTo define the universe is to specify the boundaries of the body of content to be considered, which requires an appropriate operational definition of the relevant population. This research considers the main mechanism of Benazir income support programme in respect of their characteristics, objectives, components and their effects. Sample of the StudyThe sampling would include individuals, institutions and all the other society factors. The target will be all major sources. Questionnaires.Interviews.Emails.The information will be collected by specially designed interviews and questionnaires, keeping in sound judgement the research objective. iv. Benefits/UsefulnessBISP CoverageAllocation for 2008-09 Rs 34 bn (US$ 425 m) 0.3% of GDPTarget coverage (3.5 million families) 15% of the population Allocation for 2009-10 Rs.70 bn (US$ 875 m)Target beneficiary families for 2009-10 5 millionPlans over the medium term to extend coverage to 7 million families by 2010-2011.Seperation of FunctionFunctional separation for transparency and efficiency.Eligibility CriteriaMonthly income less(prenominal) than Rs. 6000.No family member in government service.Possession of no or less than 3 acres of agricultural land or up to 3 Marlas residential property. Possession of Computerized National Identity Card.Should not be beneficiary of other support programmes.Should not have an account with a foreign bank.Should not possess a passport or an Overseas Pakistani identity card. Requirements/ConditionsIdentification of applicants / recipients through democratically elected Parliamentarians. Equal number of forms distributed to each Parliamentarian. witness by local level r epresentatives of Parliamentarians and Union Councilors. Screening / Verification of basic criteria through checks with National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA). Cost effective & quick targeting process.Benefits levelA cash grant of Rs. 2000/ every alternate month.Rs. 1000 = 20% increase in income for family earning Rs. 5000/ pm. At prevalent prices Rs. 1000 payout is sufficient to finance 20-25 years flour needs of a family with 5-6 individuals. Rs. 1000/ pm not a labor disincentive only women family member is recipient. Emergency relief package for integrated data processings, victims of bomb blast and terrorism and earthquake affected districts of balochistan.Monitoring of PaymentsInternal monitoring mechanisms of Pakistan behave Department.External Monitoring through BISP Provincial and Regional Offices. Pakistan Post reports monthly (electronically) to BISP on payments, with list/addresses of houses and name of postman making the delivery. Eligibility and Payment s tatus available on BISP. (www.bisp.gov.pk) Implementation StatusForms Processing Status by NADRA (as of 13 July 2009)Total Forms Processed 3,736,914Total Eligible 2,122,038Total Ineligible 496,927Total Inprocess 50,600Total Withheld 1,067,3492. Year wise physical and pecuniary plan of work (Phasing)The following time line shall be observed while performing the research or study 0-2 Literature and Data refresh2-3 Research Design will be Formulated3-4 Theoretical Frameworks Designed4-6 Collection of Data6-8 Data Analysis and Discussion8-10 Findings10-12 Report Writing and Recommendations in the light of above analysis3. Participating PersonnelsSir Sardar ZahidSami UllahTahir Mukhtar4. Infrastructure FacilitiesAlready AvailableCOMSATS facilities will be available, which includes office support, library support and research. Scientific Personnel _____________________________________________ Proposed to be establishedFax Machine would be used.Scanner would be required.Photocopy would b e required.2 Laptops would be required.Laser printer would be required.USB Flash Drive would be required.One portable hard drive would be required.One Digital Video Cam would be required.

The Psychoanalytic Effects

What is the potential outcome for the patient and therapists when corporeal reach is introduced into a therapy plan? And possible contradict impacts to using this form of therapy will be discussed. It is kn suffer that physical relate does occur and that is why the discussion is one that must be brought to light. In the oblige The Human Touch An exploration of the role and meaning of physical collar in psychoanalysis Toronto (2001), Ellen Toronto brings to light a real(prenominal) controversial and uneasy topic among psychologists.Because psychoanalysts see no logic for throwing out mankind touch as a means of extra-analytic technique, the Job f the human analysts becomes more defined and humane in regard to one on one therapy. Later in the article Toronto stick outs information on ternary eccentric person studies through with(p) where human touch was and was non beneficial for the outcome of therapy and explains the various reasoning behind why or why not the shut u p to touch was made. She also shares her personal convictions and conflicts when faced with this decisiveness.Toronto says that psychologists who study psycho uninflected techniques are against it and that many connect human touch and therapy with sexual intimacy or unconnected interferences during treatment. Based off of the well balanced information assumption in this article, Ellen Toronto goes on to say that psychologists must become more cognizant of what it is that they are doing and moderate into account that all forms of communication should be considered during phases of therapy.The viewpoint of most psychologists regarding hugs or even hand swings surrounded by the therapist and patient has been very negative and confusing. Toronto claims that human touch and the fact that it is mishap, regardless of how people feel about it has been overlooked and ignored in some respects by practitioners and should be acknowledged. There have been reports of physical activity betwee n therapists and patient. Toronto mentions that others such as Preference, Wainscot, Casement, Mclaughlin and Marrow view mite as an important and necessary form of communication in regard to analytical work.They believe that extra-analytic techniques such as self-discloser and holding are now viewed as very beneficial when performed cautiously and with regard to the situation. after(prenominal) further discussion between Toronto and her colleagues, she discovered that it does occur, usually with patients that are regressed, but the discussion was never formally admitted. Even though reasons for physical touch in the treatment form count to be necessary, these acknowledgments from her peers seemed to be viewed as negative and guilt filled.This is the very reason why Ellen Toronto deems it necessary to expose the interactions that occur among the analyst and the analyzed. It returns valu able-bodied information on situations involving touching as part of treatment and sheds light on the types of circumstances where physical contact might be necessary for patients missing certain developmental stages in their human development. Human nines begin in that we start off as infants, without creation able to communicate verbally and only by touch and bodily fluids, as do mother and child.In the article, it is said that it is the mothering figure that sets the stage for archeozoic development. In the same sense the therapists possesses a comparable capability to provide a secure setting for the patient while also striving to understand what the patient is feeling or has felt. If a patient did not cause adequate time in this phase of life or if something traumatic happened directly after this stage then the patient is men as confine in the early mode, which then allows for the touching portion of the therapy to take effect where verbal communication cannot.Early manifestation of maternal erotic transference is in short discussed in Torsos article as being a tran sferred association of ones feelings of maternal love and creating to one that allows the same unconditional positive regard. Mostly all of this is sign(a) and is difficult to create with only verbal communication. Toronto asks how a therapist is supposed to work with patients that are remaining at a nonverbal level in some significant phases of their experiences. And how does a therapist define safety, regulation, engagement and acceptance verses rejection step ups, a broadcast of which are learned nonverbally.Nonverbal communication has been viewed as a very existent part of therapy and so with regressed patients human touch can sometimes be the only link bridging the gap. Ellen Toronto approaches this topic with three case studies all involving the decision of physical touch as an analytical technique. The first two cases voluminous were both situations were Ellen believes physical touch of any kind would have had a negative impact on the outcome of treatment. The first case involved a man, mid asss, who had an affair that almost destroyed his marriage and in fear of it happening again, pursued mental health treatment.He acquited to Toronto that he thought of almost all women in a sexual way and that the only reason for him not having another affair was lack of opportunity. After a while the patient, who Toronto calls ding began to express his sexual attraction toward her. He also began to move his soften close to hers at the beginning of each session while also describing his fantasies of seduction for her. During this time Ellen describes her Houghton and reasoning by saying l could have asked him to move his chair but I felt that this measure of control was very important to him.Ellen was also certain that Nick understood the limits in that he made no move to touch her throughout the entire treatment. She also reveals that inside she was not as calm and collected as she might have appeared on the outside. Nick in turn was able to express and explo re the meaning of his behavior without participation or fear of drawback from his therapists. This technique gave Nick a space to express himself in a limited but useful way and after two years of treatment eventually discovered healthier ways of connecting and communication with his wife and family.The second case study shared by Toronto was one of a lady, mid asss, whos failed suicide attempt and affair with her past therapists ultimately get her in Ellen Torsos care. The woman Ellen calls Cynthia was described by Ellen as very kindle with demands and spoke a mile a minute. Toronto describes how she believes Cynthia had lived a life of constant self-exploitation through sexual encounters with previous men. This was a humpty of Cynthia specific social-cognitive learning experienced early in life.Cynthia also had a condition that Toronto explained as being a multiple, chemical substance sensitivity, which was a manifestation of an inability to cope with feeling overwhelmed and t axed by the world. Cynthia used this to control others, requiring them to respond to her illnesses as well as to shield her from being exploited. After a few reinstatement of what was and was not acceptable behavior during therapy sessions, Ellen was faced with a situation that required yet another drawing of the nine. Cynthia approached Ellen at the closing of a therapy session with a hug, but Ellen moved out of the way offering a hand shake rather.Later on Cynthia conveyed her understanding that Ellen could not allow that, given the history of her last relationship with her past therapist. Toronto goes on to explain how later realizing that anything more than a one to two handshakes would have resulted in confusion and overwhelming burden on Cynthia part. Ellen also explained that is was time for Cynthia to experience a relationship where she was able to be safe and have a hence to explore her witness feelings without worrying about anothers. Cynthia eventually went on to achiev e some sovereignty and after two years of therapy eventually broke off her affair.Toronto expresses in her article the personal frustration and dealings with the knowledge of Cynthia affair with a therapists and his continual exploitation of her throughout the years. The Sarah case study involves a young woman, mid- ass, who was addicted to food, cigarettes, and marijuana. She was end point a relationship with a former boyfriend and was in danger of being fired hen she initiated treatment with Ellen Toronto. Throughout the past two cases Ellen attempts to provide a solid and safe interaction with her patients and does the same with Sarah by allowing her to freely speak and be herself.Ellen was able to dig up only fragments of Sarahs view of her own childhood after years of therapy with her. She described Sarah as not really being able to recall anything about her mother or an event where her babe was hospitalized. Although it was not conveyed, many believe Sarah suffered from a tr aumatic amnesia or repression (Wade C. , & Atavist C. , p. 287). Ellen explains that over the years Sarah learned to verbally communicate after Ellen analyze the nonverbal data gathered and built patterns of meaning through them.Also Ellen explains that Sarah later became curious about Toronto and eventually desired to become closer to her. She thinks this change was an early manifestation of maternal erotic transference and discovered that Sarah was missing a developmental phase in her development that allowed her to verbalize what she was feeling. After a lot of time Sarah was able to start to verbalize what he was experiencing inside but later came to the realization that she was not able to feel. This began a request for Ellen Toronto to serve well her feel things. Sarah explained that the only way she could begin to feel is if Ellen held her hand.Ellen believing that this may have been the only way to help her experience some sort of emotion, in which after years had never she d one tear. Sarah reached out for her hand and Ellen decided to take it. This eventually became more and more uncomfortable for the both of them and they eventually agreed to stop holding hands during the sessions. Ellen explains that she was feeling guilty for breaking the no-touching rule but that she was uncertain of a much more presence of fear that seemed to be shared by the both of them. Even though the decision was mutual, Sarah continued to ask to hold Allens hand, at almost every session.With refusal of Ellen to do so she eventually was able to come to the conclusion that she could help Sarah with some but not all of her needs. Sarah eventually became more and more verbal in her open frame of what she was feeling and later went on to develop a way of expressing her moods by expressing various selves. CONCLUSION Ellen Toronto did a fantastic Job of conveying both sides of the issue of physical contact used as a form of therapy. Reports of what reactions each patient had and more interestingly what reactions she herself had to the possible introduction of physical activity between patient and therapist was eye opening.Even though each case study was unique, Ellen was able to assess the possible dangers of introducing physical contact into each individual therapy session. She was able to possess complete control over the situation when physical contact was initiated by Cynthia, he second case study patient and when physical contact was verbalized by Nick, her first case study patient. However, physical contact was made between herself and Sarah, the other case study patient. The effects deemed to be cold more excitedly influential than she had expected.Ellen postured herself as the parental figure in this case more so than in the other case due to the horny intelligence level of the patient. Her decision to take Sarahs hand that day was a decision that came from a long relationship between the two and slow emotional development of the patient. Ellen conveys that she had done all that she could do and that maybe this would help. Although Toronto felt it may have been a bad choice at first, the article later explains how the developmental process with Sarah continued to change and gradually got better.In each study done, help was ultimately administered. With case study 1, Nick was treated fairly and humanly, despite the out or keeping(p) fertilization he decided to share with Ellen. Cynthia was given boundaries and a safe haven and ultimately was able deal with things in a healthier way. Sarahs case as the only situation where it seemed Ellen Toronto became emotionally invested. Toronto was verbally asked to participate on multiple occasions prior to her decision to hold Sarahs hand.The other two cases involved nonverbal communication regarding physical touching, Nick sitting closer, Cynthia initiating a hug. Sarah insisted that holding her hand would help. Was Ellen manipulated into making the decision to break the no-touch rul e? After doing so Ellen explicit regret for this decision. Its not wrong that she used this form of therapy as treatment, but she old have possibly been emotionally invested more so than she realized which is why the decision was made to hold her hand and why it was also increasingly uncomfortable after doing so.Maybe if so much time had not gone by before this decision was made to touch, Torsos decision would have been different. The effect of this decision was confusion on both parts, as described earlier as being increasingly uncomfortable. This attempt at analyzing human beings with all forms of communication as we know it can definitely create unforeseen challenges and difficulties. Patients and therapists alike are human beings that come with individual feelings and perceptions.More case studies should be done on people that do not have serious mental issues or anything major unfinished in their lives. How would it affect person who is Just dealing with everyday issues like marriage, bills, or raising children? Would the report reflect that a short hand shake or hug during a therapy session could make them feel any more dependent on their therapist or would it help to comfort someone dealing with the pressures of life? What would this type of search do to help cultures that do not touch ever in their everyday interactions with one another?Would touching during family counseling sessions help bridge the gap between conflicted family members or would it cause more uncomfortable feelings between each other? Studies like these could be done on people that have been confined in Jail because they have problems keeping their hands to themselves. Boundaries could be established and maybe victims of child molesters could become rehabilitated instead of Just another statistic. With this said, psychoanalytic psychology has a long way to go in the development of incorporating physical immunization into the therapy session.

Examine and comment on Islamic and Hindu beliefs about life after death Essay

Life later finale is often a highly charged, debateable topic. Through this essay I go forth examine the argument that there must be an after demand to explain moralisticity in this world and rival to The Quran for Islam and Bhagavad Gita for Hindooism. This will completelyow me to reason that an after vivification can heretoforeify morality, as humanity bes our livings conduct is dependant on the belief of a good hereafter.Both religions really foundation rely on the fact that there is an after life, as works in this life will be accountable within the next. Although Islam and Hinduism two believe in an after life they teach radically different things about what it is. The Muslim belief is based on a linear succession line, meaning that each someone will live on this kingdom at once and after that be judged by idol.The good and the regretful deeds of both person will be weighed. (Quran 78). This view differs with the Hindu belief as their belief is that to at tain Mokhsa (release from the cycle of life) every integrity has to be reborn somewhere or the other to undergo some experience, until the Absolute Being is realised as identical with oneself. by Swami Krishnananda. The individual must continue to transmigrate between consciousnesss to moderate all bad karma in the confused lives they had been in to attain complete salvation.Belief in al- akhirah (life after death) is so crucial to the Islamic faith that any doubts about it amounts to the denial of Allah (God). This view is sh atomic number 18d by the Muslim minority.According to Islamic belief, we have no factor of knowing death as a revisiting experience, plainly Allah (God) has given humanity answers to every question regarding death. The first rhetorical question the Muslim is faced with in the Quran is who will give life to the short bones? Islam declares that the manufacturer will.In the Quran, Allah deepens mans way of thinking by asking them to reflect on how the rai n revives dead earth. It is Allah Who sends fourth the winds, so that they rise up the clouds, and drive to a land that is dead, and revive the earth therewith after its death (Quran 359)According to Islam life on this earth is temporary it is a preparatory stage for the akhirah (life after death) which will be infinite. Life on this earth is meaningless if good actions are non rewarded and bad conduct not punished. In order for an afterlife to exist, there must be some omnipotent being driving this idea forward. I will now be referring to Kants idea of the globe being satisfied, wrong has to be punished and good rewarded tear down if this suck ups place after death .The moral philosopher, Immanuel Kant argued that morality was the categorical imperative. if there is moral police, there must therefore be a law giver.Modern society in trammel with Islamic and Kantian Views commonwealth that justice must be served. An example of this would be if a person commits an offence aga inst humanity he/she has to be imprisoned. Were past faced with situations where our justice system has failed to act with fairness and impartiality in accordance with what is morally right, this is when the idea of justice in the afterlife in religion comes into place.The current Laws are passed by parliament. The fol displaces of Islam believe the One who determines the rules in this life and delivers the verdict in the after life is the almighty Lord. If we refer back to Kant, that once we die there is an afterlife for the universe to be morally satisfied that good is rewarded and fiendish is punished, there must be a God who can bring about some bod of Justice.He is who controls the heavens and the earth (Holy Quran 2760.)To deny God as the moral law Giver is to deny the only reasonable foundation for the law of morality in both the religions, as in Islam the fundamental belief that the almighty God is the basis of all foundation of all belief within that faith, similarly in the contrasting religion the soul of the individual wishes to have some sort of conclusion in Islam the hereafter and in Hinduism salvation to become one with the creator Brahma. However the factor that differs the two religions is that the concept of the soul, within the religions. In Islam the soul has its own identity of the individual it was given to at the moment of conception it has no relation to its creator other then the fact that the maestro was the one who blessed life into it and the soul will be obedient to its creator to the day of judgement.The concept in Hinduism contradicts this idea as it feels the soul is God in itself as it has to go through a process which will enable the spiritual self to become God himself over the process of time. If justice is not done on earth therefore there must be an after life. The concept of free will argues that humanity has been given guidelines by God. It is up to individuals whether they follow them or not. Some may then argue tha t God does not care about people as He allows suffering to take place. This is where justice in the hereafter is satisfied, and so that is why there is morality in this world.For Muslims not to care about life after death is a serious failing. Muslims are certain that people die. Doubts have been expressed by non Muslims regarding life after death. They question how Allah (God) can raise men and women after death, but Islam teaches that God can make human beings out of nothing so it is not difficult for Him to raise them again.O mankind If you are in any doubt about the resurrection, then verily, we have created you (i.e. Adam). (Quran 225)The Quran goes on further to say thatDoes man think that we shall not assemble his bones? Yes, sure enough we are able to restore the very shape of his fingertips. (Quran 75 3-4).The Hindu Holy Scriptures such as the Upanishads and the Vedas clearly speak of a God that is associated with important theism. Although over centuries we have come to know Hinduism as a faith with many gods it primarily has one God.By one supreme Ruler is the universe pervaded. Even every world in the whole circle of nature, He is the True God (- Yajurveda XLI) .Similar ideas are expressed in the UpanishadsKnow Me alone as the creator of all I am the cause I am the support of all that exists in the universe. may ye never turn away from me May ye never accept any other God in my place, nor worship Him. What we can analyse from these quotes that for God to bring man to his former self is not an impossible task as he has created us he can kill us and restore our very lives.According to Islam when a person dies on earth he/she will not be restored to life until the day of resurrection. From the time a person dies until resurrection, they remain in a suspended state in Arabic known as Barzakh. The dead could be in this state of waiting for thousands of years before being brought back to life. The prophet Mohammed has verbalize that death is only th e beginning of the resurrection. 1 Islam states that time only exists for those living on earth. Once a man dies he leaves the time zone and a thousand years becomes the blinking of an eye.Although Islam rejects the notion of the transmigration of souls through various lives like Hinduism, it does state that the soul of each child came into existence ,before the physical birth from the set outs womb. An example of this is were God made a covenant with Adam and extracted all his descendants from him and God foretold the religion of Islam so that the disbelievers of the faith were left in no doubt that God would resurrect humankind once much on the day of Judgement. 2Although Muslims are given the day and month of this dark day they are not however given the year as all the signs leading up to this day must be fulfilled. 3The insolate will only be a mile away from the earth therefore mankind will be standing in its own effort according to a companion of the Prophet. This has been taken from the Sahih Bukhari (collections of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. consequently the individual will be punished according to how bad the sin was that they committed. The worse the sin, the more severe the punishment will be. 4On this day accounting of deeds will begin and each and every person will be given a book that will detail all the good and bad they have done in life. Although certain deeds in life will act as a backup to save you from punishment Muslims over the world go to the pilgrimage of Hajj so that their sins can be purged. Hajj is a purification of the soul from sins and a means to gain the Mercy of Allah.Keep on doing Hajj and Umrah, for they eliminate poverty and sin just as the bellows eliminate impurities from iron and gold and silver. (Sahih Bukhari). In Islam, the foundation for a good afterlife is to have faith in the almighty lord and to try to lead a sin free life. Such is the driving force behind the concept in Hinduism be lovingly devoted to whi chever Hindu god you are devoted to and similarly be dedicated to various ghostlike ceremonies and rites. at that place are different aspects of Hinduism that determine how they lead their lives and what actions they do in order to affect their afterlife.There is also the factor of the burial procedure that could affect your outcome in the afterlife. The reasoning behind Hindu cremation is that they believe that the human personality is made up of five elements four of which depart to the body which comes from this world, fire, earth, air, water. By cremating the body, the elements are go throughed to their respective area, season the soul continues in the afterlife. After death Muslims are buried, because even after death the soul can still feel pain so disposing of the body in any other means is a sin.When a Hindu devotee dies their soul leaves the body and goes to another world and returns again after spending some time there. Where a person is reborn is determined by their k arma, the effects of a persons actions that determine their destiny in the next incarnation. Hindus try to do virtuous acts of conduct so that they will increase their good karma and be reborn higher up in the caste system. This is done in numerous ways. Their initial sire is to worship Brahman (supreme Lord) by thinking about him and reading his Holy books. The Vedas, Smritis, Ramayan and Bhagavad GitaTheir life should involve praying and making offerings to the various Gods that take form from Brahman originally. There is no specific God that you can worship, whichever you choose is acceptable as it leads to essentially to Brahman.Hinduism believes in the existence of not one hell on earth and heaven but in the existence of many sun filled heavens and many demonic worlds. 5In the ultimate sense the purpose of these worlds is to neither punish nor reward the souls, but to remind them of the true purpose of their existence to lead an adequate life according to the Hindu Holy scrip ture The Vedas.The process of being born, to grow, die and be reborn again is known as samsara. It is the aim of every Hindu to be freed from this cycle in order to be in the presence of God, or become one with God. Karma is in itself a system of reward and punishment.The idea of conversion is not strictly limited to Hinduism. The idea of reincarnation is also becoming more popular in the West. This concept of reincarnation is summarily described in following verse of the Bhagavad-Gita.Just as a man discards worn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones. (222)The Hindu concept of reincarnation directly challenges the Islamic and western notion of one life, one heaven, one hell and the final day of judgement. According to the following quote Islam contradicts the belief of transmigration there is the belief that once our hearts stop beating this is the end of our worldly life but the argument of the non-believers is that bring back ou r forefathers.There is not but our worldly life we die and live (i.e. some people die and others live, replacing them) and nothing destroys us except time. (Quran, 4524-26)Although Islam does primarily reject the notion of reincarnation in the form of another being, there is an exception to this. Islam is split in to 72 various sets and there is one set that does believe in reincarnation, the Druze. The Druze belong to an 11th century offshoot of Shia Islam, which originated in Egypt.The similarity with this sect and Hinduism is that it also believes in the transmigration of souls, although this sect calls itself Muslims it denies the Day of Resurrection and the idea of heaven and Hell.Similarly they believe the body is to return to the elements and the universe is eternal and always will be. The physical body of the ones departed and the burial procedure for Muslims is just the earth accepting what was already its own To Allah we belong and to Him is our return. (Chapter 2, verses 153-156.)This then leads to the point that they do not belief in the message of the prophets of Islam. The Druze sect is not accepted by other major sects of Islam, they suffer from closing off of followers of the same religion.Although there are exceptions, Islam predominately feels a strong and solid approach to the one Supreme Lord and the Day of Judgement. After examining both religions and their beliefs it seems that both religions have the belief in life after death but a very different approach. There are several cases where Muslims have morose to other religions for the answer to the afterlife.6Having examined and commented on beliefs on life after death in Islam and Hinduism, thus relating back to the first point of morality, that must exist and be justified in the first place for us human beings to first rationalise that there must be an afterlife. When this is understood then the ideas of different religious views on the afterlife can be understood.Islams belief ties in with the western notion of the standard hell and heaven and you are judged according to your deeds in your life that you have committed. You are resurrected but in the form you died in. Muslims are then weighed for deeds, dependant on that you either go to hell or heaven. You are faced with many obstacles on the way and even though you have primarily been good all your life you still will be punished for the sin. There are also many large signs before the fateful day. For majority of Muslims the belief in the afterlife determines the way they lead their lives whilst alive.For Hindus however the belief is that you are reincarnated as something else, either in higher caste or lower depending on the good/bad karma. You go through various lives and cycles to balance this karma until you become god (moksha). I am the Self, seated in the hearts of all beings I am the beginning, the middle and also the end of all beings. (10.20 Gita)The Hindus teachings also lay on the principle of morali ty as they are to be reunited with Mother Nature. In the Hindu religion, righteousness and to be without sin is of more importance, these are the factors whether one goes to Heaven or Hell. The Hindus teach, As it does and as it acts, so it becomes The doer of good becomes good, and the doer of evil becomes evil. (Upanishad (4,4,5)) This quote explains that Hinduism has a concept of morality.Previously I have touched on the lifestyles of both religions Hinduism and Islam. Although they both believe in different outcomes, already while alive they develop a moral attitude in the back of their minds. This life will determine heaven/hell or higher /lower caste depending on what your religious belief is. What we can examine from this is that reward is something we all strive for, so the idea of a better life in the hereafter encourages good conduct in both faiths.Ultimately no matter what religion you have faith in it seems we rely in a better life in the hereafter. Hindu and Islamic bel iefs about life after death seek to explain morality on this Earth. Our actions in this life will determine our post life existence, whether we go to heaven, hell, or are reincarnated. Both religions agree with Kants theory that the Universe needs to be satisfied. Worshippers are thus encouraged to strive to maintain their good conduct in this life. Without such explanations Kant explains, morality would be irrelevant. 2932Notes1) A story is told in the Quran, about a man who doubted Allahs ability to resurrect a village. Allah caused him to die for a hundred years and when he was resurrected, questioned him as to how long he had slept. He replied A day or part of a day. Then God said Look your food has rotted, examine at your crops and the dead bones of your animals look how we adjust them and cover them with flesh (Quran 2259)2) When your Lord drew forth from the loins of the children of Adam, their descendants and made them testify concerning them. (Saying) Am I not your Lord th ey said, Yes, we testify to it. (This) in case you say on the Day of Judgement, We were unaware of this. Or in case you say, It was our ancestors who made partners (with Allah) and we are only their descendants. Will you then destroy us for what those liars did?83) The length of the day of judgement will be equivalent to fifty thousand years of this world and this quote can be found in verses (70 4) Holy Quran.The Sunni Islamic belief is thatOn Friday the tenth of Muharram Angel Israfeel will blow a trumpet the sound will be so fearful that the entire universe will self-destruct. (The day of judgement by the Sunni foundation)3) And verily, Hell is the promised abode for them all. It has seven furnish to each of those gates is a specific class of sinners assigned.al Hijr, 15 43-44MurderersAnd whoever kills a believer intentionally his recompense is Hell to abide therein forever, and the wrath and the curse of Allah is upon him, and He has prompt for him a great punishment.an-Nisa, 4 93Verily, of the inmates of the Fire, the one with the easiest punishment will be one who will have a pair of sandals and straps of fire. His brain will moil from them as a kettle boils. He does not see that anyone is suffering a punishment more severe than him, while he is the one with the easiest punishment.Sahih al-Bukhari and Muslimhttp//www.shariahprogram.ca/articles/hell-devil-description.shtml4) Then believers and disbelievers will go to the bridge lying over the fire from hell the bridge will be of one single hair and be groovy as a sword. The journey will be of no difficulty to those who lived their life according to Islam.5) Indralok is the standard heaven to which those who please the Gods through their activities go. The standard hell is Yamalok.6One example is the 11-month-old Muslim boy from India. He has now been named Balaji, another name for monkey-faced Lord Hanuman.He is reported to have a 4in tail caused by transmissible mutations during the development of the foetus. Iqbal Qureshi, the childs maternal grandfather, is taking Balaji from temple to temple where people offer money to see the boy. Mr Qureshi says the baby has nine spots on his body like Lord Hanuman and showed them to journalists, reports Indian newspaper The Tribune. What this quote shows is that there are differences of opinion within a religion as even genetic mutations such as this one have altered the decision in believing in the Day of Judgement for a Muslim man. (http//www.freerepublic.com/ centralise/fr/607381/posts)

Bad corporate governance Essay

Approach Governance Governing is a process of implementing decisions, rules and regulations in a group of people. Its concept has been widely utilize by companies to make their workers comply a set of agreed actions that were done and ordered by the management. The managements ways of doing rules and policies has a big cause in a companys performance as a whole. As decision making is vital to a company, the management should be equipt with the knowledge of how they are going to make their decisions every day.Study of Good and Bad Governance Good Governance Good governance will sure as shooting give benefits to the company, employees, customers and suppliers. Its implemented decisions had considered the characteristics of Participation, Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness, Consensus Orientation, Equity and Inclusiveness, Effectiveness and Efficiency and Accountability that if complied well, it will bring good feedbacks and result to the company. Bad Governance Mismanagement h as eer been a problem in all companies which is a start of bad governance.Bad governance emerges when contradict rises among people who are involved in the company. It includes conflict of interest, political issues among members of the company, social problems, discrimination, lack of participation and more. When employees or the people concerned to the company starts to ask questions about the decision of the companys management, then at that place is an unclear part in that certain decisions being implemented that employees do not understand or agreed.Analysis All companies have their different explosive charge and vision as their instrument and inspiration to be the best that they can to survive in a very competitive market. In this paper, we will image the different possible causes why the UK Industrial Company and MISnet Inc. fited. Sample Study The UK Industrial Company Failure The UK Industrials is composed of 539 firms and observed from 1988-1993.From table 1, we can let out that from the original 539 companies, 56 companies from the group exit the firm because of its financial stabilities. This resulted to shake to the whole company making it like a domino effect to fail the company. The case consider made by John Hunter and Natalia Isachenkova for the UK industries explained that the result of the UK Industrial failure is its lack of knowledge in determining the financial stableness of the industry which is very important for investment decisions at the micro level.Individuality also played a big part in their failure because the study showed a big evidence of division from different panels as such, decision making regarding the industries financial problem, profits, liquidity, turnovers and changes were greatly affected. Aside from the causes of failure mentioned, the industry is also state to have focused on their current cash flow rather than also thinking about the future economic value of the firm jibe in their future cash flows.

McCarthy’s power Essay

We besides see this clearly when the corrupt Putnam ruthlessly and heartlessly kills off his neighbours to buy their land, using his daughter and Tituba as mediums to incriminate populate with and feeding names into their mouths, as he does with the lecture, Sarah Good? Did you forever see Sarah Good with him (the devil)? Or Osburn? Before his daughter Ruth has even admitted to witchcraft, he spreads the word of witchcraft, cruelly calculating his next move. The spoken communication, That is a nonorious sign of witchcraft, a prodigious sign, indicate his joy at the opportunity to do any(prenominal) money and planttle some old grudges.His disregard for his daughters health is yet another example of his lack of humanity. Parris is equ in totallyy selfish and cold. When question Abigail about her dancing in the woods, Parris proceeds to say, I must know it now, for my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it you must understand I hold back many enemies in that location i s a faction sworn to drive me from my pulpit, wish Putnam lacking any concern for Abigail. It is clear that people wish Danforth, Parris and Putnam arnt in the business of parcel capital of Oregons conjunction, as people of their status should be, but in furthering their own possessions.Without these individuals keeping order and maintaining justice in the town, all of the old grudges and junior-grade grievances are allowed to run riot and influence the proceedings in court, as we see when Ann Putnam accuses Rebecca Nurse, arguably the most respected person in the town, of killing her babies. This is also an example of how little scientific knowledge was available at the time, and how eager people were to place blame on other people. Aside from the a few(prenominal) individuals with integrity, like Proctor, Corrie and Rebecca Nurse, the rest of Salems society will sacrifice others to safeguard their name in the town.When questioned by vigorous, Abigail seems to instinctively dramatic play the loose small fry which the audience knows she is definitely not, an example of dramatic irony. Im a good girl Im a proper girl These spoken communication highlight how quick she is to def residual herself, and her insecurity about her image and spirit in the village. Once she is safe, she proceeds to shift blame onto others, like Tituba. She tried (to make me drink the soup) but I refused She made me drink blood Abigail realises her word is taken over Titubas because of the racial prejudice at the time the play is set in.People like Abigail, Parris and Putnam arent afraid to use this discrimination to their advantage, which only serves to kill more(prenominal) people, or to ruin their lives. It is ironic that one of the few admirable qualities that are found in the town is the reason that so many people die. Ultimately, people like unanimous and Proctor realise that it isnt being seen as a good Christian or letting people think you are innocent that matter s, but knowing yourself that you are innocent and have nothing to fear. It is this that convinces them that everything should be done to protect your innocence, even giving your life, in Proctors case.People like Proctor and Reverend Hale are purified by Danforths crucible but for the wrong reasons. While Danforths words, We burn a hot fire here it melts down all concealment, would appear to be correct, they are ironic, in that the only direction the truth comes out is if innocent people die first These men, along with the many others who are convicted, struggle long and hard with the decision of confession and lies versus integrity and righteousness. For others like Rebecca Nurse the choice is already decided, as her words, Let you fear nothing, another savvy awaits us all, suggest.She is firm in her belief that they will be repaid by God for maintaining their innocence. commodes dilemma is much worse, as he has family and children to irritation about, and his name is ruined in the village already, as news of his adultery charges would have circulated. The impact of outpourings like, I lie and sign myself to lies I am not worth the dust of the feet of them that hang, gives you the feeling that he realises the complexity of his situation, and that he is trapped either way. The real problem to him is that he believes it is his fault. Elizabeths last line, He has his excellence now.God forbid I take it from him, lets you know that she understands his choice and she respects and forgives him once once again, which is ultimately what he wanted. The society has the ability to let innocent people die, not only because they are loyal to themselves and no one else, but because these people are willing to die for what they believe, or what they want, in Proctors case. There are many other people in the village who try to speak their mind, and do what is morally right, but whose aspirations are crushed by the opposing factors, like Parris, Danforth and Abigail.Mar y Warren is a good example of this, as she hides from her fears, but then confronts them, only to be brought to her knees by the sheer ruggedness of Abigail. We gutter also attribute this to the earlier mention of Danforths interrogation-style cross examining as well, as he repeatedly asks the same question to Mary, Has Mr. Proctor ever threatened you for this deposition? Has he ever threatened you? Has he threatened you? It personifies the disorder of the courts legal system, as if Danforth doesnt get the come he wants, you will suffer, whether you are right or wrong.Mary eventually caves in to the pressure, condemning Proctor in the process, although sympathy is felt for her, as all of her weaknesses are ruthlessly exploited by the girls, betraying Mary and leaving her with no other alternative. When Mary goes to court, she feels as if she is on trial and it is her credibility that is questioned, even though it is she who is accusing the girls, again linking to Hales earlier comment, Is every defence an attack upon this court? Danforth refuses to question the girls, as if they are found to be guilty, his reputation will be ruined and his judgement will be compromised.Instead he turns a blind eye you any damning evidence against the girls, and with the serve of Parris, forces people to lie to save themselves, vindicating his decisions in the process. This is revealed when Parris declares, There is either obedience or the church will burn like Hell is burning This is ironic, as Parris church is already burning like Hell as a result of his wayward leadership. Outbursts like this not only press out the real type behind Parris faiade, but they also serve to highlight the way he and Danforth work against the community, with an attitude that only helps the corrupt. Once Danforth has weakened the accuser, he provides them with a way out, as he does with Mary, slowly pushing her to convict Proctor with suggestions like, It may well be Mary Warren has been conquered by Satan, practically putting words in her mouth. His desperation becomes much more apparent when he threatens Mary, You will confess or you will hang, another example of his twisted logic and self-serving nature.This pressure to do what is expected draws parallels to the McCarthy era, when Un-American activities were seen as wrong, and the one person who should represent want, Danforth in the case of The Crucible, is in fact an antagonist in the totally predicament. This pressure again links to fear, but in this case it is fear of authority that reigns supreme, as there are few people who have the heroism to challenge the decisions made by Danforth, and face the harsh consequences.Any Salemites who enter the court are forced to choose between Danforths and Parris version of right, and the Christian right, which, in a just system, should be the same thing. As the play goes on, the audiences antipathy for Parris grows, as they see him twisting the words of others and gu ile in court to protect himself, hardly the actions people expect of a priest. A prime example of dramatic irony is witnessed as the audience can see straight through Parris false exterior, as he desperately tries to cover up anything that could point to his knowledge of the girls just dancin in the woods. fewer Salemites have any knowledge of his ulterior motives, or that anything he does or says is purely for his own well being, and the manner in which he projects himself is a removed cry from his real character. Parris attempts to use theology to secure his position in the good books of Danforth and the community, often referring to the Bible during the proceedings in court. He leads most of the society to believe that he is trying to help them and, by lulling them into a false sense of security, he then seizes the opportunity to rid the town of anyone he believes is a threat to himself, or his position.Utilising his status and reputation, he preaches, You should surely know tha t Cain were an upright man, and yet he did kill Abel, in an attempt to have Proctor convicted. No court can provide unbiased or uncorrupted justice if its own minister is trying to have the defendant killed. His words, The devil lives on such confidences Without confidences there would be no conspiracy, are ironic but true, as it is he who as kept much greater secrets, and it is he is the devil of Salem. In this sentence he is accusing someone who contrasts greatly with him, Giles Corey.Miller uses Corey to bring humour to the play, but he also stands alongside Proctor and Rebecca Nurse as one of the main symbols of integrity and righteousness. Although he is revealed as a nai ve, slightly puzzled man, he isnt afraid to speak his mind, albeit with some harsh consequences like his wifes death. Unlike Parris, he values his friends, which eventually leads to his death. His response to the choice of betraying his friend or dying is admirable, his integrity clear as he replies, I stand mute. The audience feels a great visual modality of sympathy and admiration not only for Corey, but also Proctor and Rebecca Nurse who set a great example that, few others follow. There is immense injustice, as the only people who die are innocent, and they are the privileged few who have integrity. Although he cant stop the proceedings in the court, Hale disassociates himself from the fraudulent proceedings in the Salem court, with the statement, I denounce these proceedings, I free this court, ruining his reputation in the process.His efforts to correct Danforths judgement are brought to a halt, often by Danforth himself who quips, I will have nothing from you Mr. Hale This again highlights the stubbornness of Danforth, as he refuses to listen to anyone The structure of the play is quite regimented, as there always appears to be a glimmer of hope in each act, but the end of every act ends with chaos. This shows that the situation could never be resolved, as the paranoia and hys teria undermined any efforts to do this. In reality, it was the Salem society that was the devil, as Proctor declares, A fire, a fire is burningI hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face And it is my face, and yours Danforth This again shows the humbleness of Proctor, as he has the integrity to face up to his shortcomings, while Danforth would prefer to hide, frantically trying to drown out Proctors words with his own, with the frenetic cry, Take him (Proctor) and Corey with him to the jail This is another illustration of Danforths cowardice, and his inability to confront his flaws. Proctors earlier quote, God is dead also serves to show the disorder in the justice system.The people who should represent God, like Parris and Danforth, are now the devils. We see further irony when Danforth states, I will not deal in lies, in a bid to obtain Proctors confession, when in fact, every pardon or conviction was based on a lie. No one can be sure if Danforth believed he was right i n doing what he did, but it is obvious that he wasnt right. In contrast, it is more obvious that Parris had a hidden agenda. However, both were responsible for the deaths of innocent people, although it seems that this was the only thing that could bring their reign to an end.One of the reasons Miller wrote this play was to denounce McCarthyism, and the end again draws parallels to this period, as the whole saga only came to an end when someone took a stand against the state. There were very few people who were willing to stand up for their beliefs, not only in Salem, but also during the McCarthy era, which is understandable given the consequences. . Miller projects other figures as unlikely heroes, everyday people like Rebecca Nurse, Giles Corey and John Proctor, who have the courage and integrity to admit to their faults, and die for their beliefs.In this era, with the town steeped in anger, vengeance and despair, these individuals stand alone making their achievements even greate r. Once a stand had been taken however, the repercussions suffered by the corrupt leaders of these eras were also similar. Danforths office over the public diminished rapidly and Parris walked the highroad, and was never seen again. McCarthys power ceased as well, highlighting again, that a few individuals with a conscience can make a difference, one way or the other.

How Vampirism Is Depicted in Dracula by Stoker and I Am a Legend by Richard Matheson Essay

Vampires are shafts that are believed to feed on flesh blood of liveliness things and especially valet de chambre beings. From the novels, vampires evolved from dead forgiving beings and came back to life with much powers than them ma big businessman them super humans. To understand vampires evolution, different myths were developed across the world. Ancient Persia recorded their first history as most Greek and Roman myths tested to expound further on their evolution. In the history recordings, vampires were depicted as huge creatures who struggled with human beings to feed on their blood. They further differed with human being in that they could not age or contract diseases. Their immunity to diseases prevented them infections from human beings when they fed on their flesh and blood. Although many history recordings argued on traditional history, there existed roughly modern vampires that first appeared in Europe. In contrast, myths also recorded a different category of vampire s whose origin was not from dead human beings but with impermanent incarnation between humans and vampire. This category included blood thirsty goddesses, who were classified as Stinges, Lamiae and Empusae that fed on blood occasionally.Vampirism Vampirism can be delimit as the act of nourishment on flesh and blood of living things other than vampires. When feeding the blood of human beings, vampires bite the victims neck sucking out large volumes of blood. Through neck biting, they are able to injure the carotid artery, which is the major artery that transports blood to the brain hence paralyzing the victim and sucking the unit blood. Vampirism is regarded as a belief of one gaining supernatural powers and feeding on human beings blood in the folklore and popular culture.Stoker tried to expound on vampires by using them as characters in his guard genus Dracula. In this book, Dracula, who is a vampire, is the main character. The author explained how the vampire had lived f or many years, which was atypical for a normal human being. Similarly, Richard Matheson book was dominated by vampires who were created by infusion of viruses. Although concourse could be infect with vampirism virus, Matheson brings out the nature of immunity where one of his characters Robert N mephistophelianle never contracted vampirism condescension being infected. He was immune to the virus though he had unique human characteristics much(prenominal) as blond hair and blue eyes. Matheson depict Neville as an educated medical researcher who concentrated on the research on vampirism only to find out that his blood was infected though immune to the virus.Vampires in the Text Stoker utilize different vampire characters to construct his book story. Dracula, the most dominant vampire in the story was depict as the king by other characters much(prenominal) as Van Heslin. He was very powerful and he could control nature as well as living creatures such as wild animals. In ad dition, Dracula has the ability to incarnate to a bat, werewolf and change his victims into vampires through infections. His ability to hypnotize his victims gave him control over them and avoided being hurt by others. Despite his powerful nature, Dracula had a number of weaknesses as described herein. His powers were limited by reflecting him on reflective objects such as mirrors. This was testify when Jonathan tried to reflect his image on a shaving mirror. He lost his powers and became weak to the extent of being controlled by another(prenominal) person. Stoker emphasized in his book, despite the weakness, it was hard to fully destroy Dracula. More weaknesses emerged as holy symbols and garlic repelled him and his sleep was on the fate of ancestors and the inbred land. He did not have ability to cross river, which water was following unless supported my men or the luck of the water. This showed how he could be controlled or undone in field of studys he became so dangerous.M atheson classified vampires in two categories, which included the dead and the living ones. Similarly, as Stokers described, he depicts vampires as being repulsive to garlic and holy symbols. For example, Christian vampires solicitudeed the cross as it was a sign of holiness. Matheson explained how Neville destroyed vampires by exposing them to sunlight, inflicting large wounds and staking them with wooden spike.Comparison between the Two Works both authors acknowledged garlic and religious symbols as repellant to vampires. For example, Ruth recoiled violently when Neville progress toed garlic over her in Matheson book and Dracula when dining with Jonathan avoided feeding on garlic. In both texts, vampires relied on flesh and blood as their main food that strengthened them. For example, Dracula in the first paragraph nigh attacks Jonathan when he cuts himself. Vampires are depicted feeding on blood by Matheson and he uses the phrase blood thirst to emphasize on their need of blood. intolerance is also another theme that was described in both books. Stocker explained how Van Helsing and Seward followed the garlic superstitions from the old country where they were believed to ward off spirit up by defend themselves by them. Religious symbols such as bread and cross represented Christ and his Body (stoker 123). Despite Nevilles ability to destroy vampires, he quieten used garlic to protect himself strengthening the theme of superstitions in the text. Both authors described vampirism as contagious from vampires to normal muckle. People who survived attack by vampires were infected through bites and insects. For example, Neville was infected by vampirism and his immune ability prevented him from transformation to vampire.In both books, vampires appeared to be enemies of the normal people. In I Am a Legend, the human race was insignificant as most of them were destroyed and killed by vampires. Moreover, Neville struggles with vampires and kill most of his encounters at nights. Stoker explained how Helsing had lived wanting to conquer and destroy the Dracula and how people continuously warned him and Jonathan against close association with the monster Dracula. The conspiracy, fights, and killings between vampires and the normal human beings is an evidence of enmity between the two races.In both books, vampires body circulations were all different from those of normal human beings. For example, when Neville killed a woman vampire for research in Mathesons book, he found that her body contained rows of salt and pepper manifold the same ratios (Matheson 60). Similarly, Stoker explained how vampirism victims could not be transfused with blood from normal people and their fate was solely on supernatural powers to heal them.On the other hand both books described contrasting characters on vampire and discussed below. Vampires described by Stoker were difficult to destroy and kill and were only destabilized by refection. On contrary, vampi res described by Matheson were easily killed by exposure of sunlight and infliction of wound that were staked. According to stoker, vampires were as a result of the work with supernatural evil spirits that were connected to dead. In contrast, Matheson wrote that vampires were created by infusion of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Matheson described the evolution and development of vampires as progressive. That is, they grew from young to strong creatures that mutated at few points and they could spend some times in the sun. Stoker described vampires development as retrogressive, growing from old weak creature to young strong creature through feeding of blood. Stoker work was based on religious beliefs and his main aim was to strengthen and restore religious faith in the society. He did this by creating a scenario where vampires who were believed to be evil became afraid of holy symbols and supreme powers.It was learnt from the text that, vampires feared holy waters and for that reasons people could protect themselves from them. Dracula represented get to and this was expressed more by name of his home in London, Piccadilly. The word appears to be close to the word peccadillo a slight offence or sin (Merriam-Webster 530). Matheson work in contrary was not based on spirituality. His entire book denounces the interrelationship between God and humanity as evidenced by Neville when he did not depend on invisible beings when trying to destroy and kill vampires. He was more dependent on his vampire research, which was facilitated by his medical research career. According to science, the reliance on invisible being appears absurd and science does not validate it. In both books, the concepts of vampirism indicate the pediculosis of humankind as it is concerned with termination of life and shedding of blood. This is against the societies norms and values and the books were written to address the evils.Matheson brought out vampires in his book as unique a nd special enabling them to be more alluring to the intended target audience. This was contradictory to those in Stokers book where they were depicted as monsters of devils associates thus attracting believers as the main audience. This would help the believers appreciate the mighty power of God that made devil afraid as evidence by Dracula avoiding religious symbols. On the other hand, the target audiences for Matheson work are mainly non-believers as most of the characters such as Neville were never afraid of super beings or supernatural powers. He uses the assumption that the doctoring of individuals affects what they fear and what they do not (Matheson123). Neville discovered the reflective character of vampires in Matheson book, which was opposed to those described by Stoker (Matheson 16).In the book, I Am a Legend, Neville searches a scientific cure for vampirism from his blood due to its immunity unique character on vampirism. Although his initial trials to heal vampires had aborted, he continued to search for a solution ceaselessly. Fortunately, he found the cure, which could depress the vampires thirst for blood thus reducing their threats on human beings. This was the not the case in the text of Dracula.Vampires in both books appear as creatures, societies uphold their beliefs and norms without permitting vampires to despise them. Despite the vampires being hostile to people, they struggled to push the out of the society and denounced their evil deed across the society through eliminating them. Society struggled to push Dracula out of the society but his unnatural power defended him and the society attempts were in vain. Their fear of evil spirits prevented them from his attack and instead hoped for a savior who will come for their help. The society saw Helsing as their savior and their belief in God. He was a well-learned doctor who had an open mind and thus was probable the person to save them (Stoker 109).The two books targeted the evils in the s ociety by addressing them and trying to bring people closer to a supreme being, God. Perhaps, the society was full of evils at the time of writing and so it was necessary to address the issues through text. It can also be assumed that, people used texts or books to learn most of the things in the societies and thus there was need to use the medium to communicate exclusively to the people. From the circumstance that Christianity (Church) was evident in the texts, the authors revolved their writings around it acknowledging God as the protector of human race from all sources of evils such as vampires in the book society. The individuals were protected by religious artifacts that was evidenced by possession of religious symbols by Helsing had religious items such as holy waters, which helped to protect the society from evils. Matheson described Neville as having tattoo of a cross which served as vampire repellant thus to some extent having religious beliefs. Not much was explained in th e more or less Christianity and the church.Some of the people in the society were enlightened and had both scientific knowledge and religious beliefs to deal with the evils associated with the vampires. The authors of the books were skilled and considered perception of the people when writing so that they could be able reach and impact on the peoples ways of life. For a typical author, he or she must be able to understand his or her audience in order to deliver a relevant message and in an appropriate way without provoking them. Matheson and Stoker used this aspect and combined it with the knowledge of vampires and their attitude in the society. The use of vampires in both books was fundamental as they depicted the evils in the modern that are caused by various abnormalities as Matheson explained one of the cause to be the second world war. Therefore, by use of reality and fiction, the authors were able to prove their worthiness in belles-lettres and society.Conclusion Both bo oks used vampires to deliver their messages to the respective societies. They depicted societies that were full of hostilities and blood spilling between vampires and normal human race. Although the vampires in both books had common characteristics such as feeding on human blood, they exhibited slight differences on their evolution and development. The books attracted varied audiences with Dracula attracting audience of vampires who knew Dracula as the best vampire in history. The books addressed the political views of the time with Stocker in being more concerned on Europe where the church was prominent in the political scene with believers as rulers such kings and queens. In the Matheson book, the issue of the world war was described as politically influenced and depicted how mankind would be swept off on reason by stronger weapons than nuclear if wars were to recur.ReferencesDunnigan, James F. How to Make War. New York HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2003. PrintMatheson, Richard. I am Legend. New York Tom Doherty Associates, LLC, 1954. PrintStoker, Bram, and Leonard Wolf, ed. The Annotated Dracula. New York Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. Publisher, 1975. 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The Role of Press in Society

Press rules Members of the press must register for the congress. They will nonice a press badge. Members of the press whitethorn attend the congress lectures on a complimentary basis. A press room will be available. Press releases by companies must be received for adulation by EFNS Head Office (emailprotected org) not later than 15 days before the beginning of the congress. Companies may place their press releases in the press room. Embargo policy Companies may not place a press release prior to discussion of the relevant topic / product in the satellite symposium and/or oral or poster session Posters (one) announcing press meetings and invitations to press meetings may be placed in the press room only. Content of the rules A. Correct information 1. It is the duty of the mass media to publish information the right way and promptly.As far as possible it should be verified whether the information given is correct. 2. The sources of news should be treated critically, in par ticular when their statements may be coloured by personal interest or tortious intent. 3. Information which may be prejudicial or insulting or detract from the wish in which individuals should be held shall be very closely examined before topic, primarily by submission to the person concerned. 4.Attacks and replies should, where this is reasonable, be published together and in the very(prenominal) way. 5. A clear distinction shall be haggard between factual information and comments. 6. The form and content of headlines and subheadlines shall be substantiated by the article or publication in question. The same rule shall apply to newspaper placards. 7. Incorrect information shall be corrected on the editors own initiative, if and as soon as knowledge of errors of importance in the published information is received.The field shall be given in such a form that the readers, listeners or viewers may comfortably be infer aware of the correction. SHORT TITLE These rules may be calle d The Central intelligence agencymedia Accreditation Rules, 1999. COMMENCEMENT AND SCOPE These rules shall come into force from the date of notification by the governing body. These rules shall apply to the grant of accreditation to representatives of news media organisations at the headquarters of the political sympathies of India and shall supercede all previous rules in this regard.AMENDMENTS The Central Press Accreditation committal or the Principal Information ships officer can make recommendations to the Central Government for amendment of the rules from time to time as considered necessary. DEFINITIONS a) Central Press Accreditation Committee promoter a Committee constituted by the Government of India under these Rules. b) Newspaper shall have the same definition as given in the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867. ) News Media shall include newspapers, wire returns and non-wire service news agencies, News Feature Agencies, Electronic Media Agencies and organisat ions containing news and comments on public news. d) A occasional Newspaper shall be published on not less than five days in a week or as defined in the PRB Act. e) Weekly and Fortnightly newspaper shall have not less than 45 or 22 issues in a year, respectively. f) Principal Information Officer government agency the Principal Information Officer to the Government of India, hereinafter referred to as the PIO. ) Working Journalist means any working journalist as defined in the Working Journalist (conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provision) Act, 1955. h) Accreditation means recognition of news media representatives by the Government of India for purpose of access to sources of information in the Government and in any case to news materials, written or pictorial, released by the Press Information Bureau and/or other agencies of the Government of India. i) Electronic News Media Organisation (Television or Radio) will include any TV/Radio News Programme Production Unit and TV/ Radio News Agency.

Language development in children

any the separate ways of knowing be controlled by row. The allot commit of diction is primordial to or so all aspects of instruction and loving phylogeny. lucky and appropriate voice communication communication is also about conjugated to the individuals place in society, dapple the in major power to enunciate cl untimely hampers and whitethorn close to eliminate a persons ability to cope with even the simplest genteelnessal and social situations.The mood in which babyren learn to understand and successfully communicate through row is among the roughly of import questions analyze by psychologists. The appropriate use of language is cardinal to virtually all aspects of instruction and social conk outment. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individuals place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a persons ability to cope with even the simplest breedingal and social situations.Traditionally, psychological accounts of language development sop up been positive by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition sue (e.g. Miller and Dollard, 1941 Skinner, 1957). Skinner for example, believes that language is learned in large measure by waiting for churlren to discover approximations of the take shapes of speech which ar lastly desired and hence by gradual establishment (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and disapprobation forms earth-closet be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high score of fidelity. In contrast, some psycholinguists (e.g. Chomsky, 1959 Fodor, 1966) have cogently argued that operant learning surmise jakes non adequately account for complex verbal behavior. Chomsky (1959) offers the following pregnant critique of a t individually viewpointit seems quite beyond questions that tiddlerren build up a good deal of their verbal a nd non-verbal behavior by casual utterance and imitation of bigs and other children. It is plain not true that children can learn language only through meticulous care on the ploughshare of adults who shape their verbal repertoire through careful differential reinforcement, though it may be that such care is often the custom in academic families.It is a common observation that a unripened child of immigrant parents may learn a second language in the streets, from other children, with unspeakable rapidity, and that his speech may be completely silverish and correct to the last alloph wiz A child may pick up a large stir up of his vocabulary and liveliness for sentence structure from television, from breeding, from audition to adults, etc. Even a very young child who has not yet acquired a tokenish repertoire from which to form new utterances may sham a word quite well on an early try, with no attempt on the part of his parents to teach it to him (p. 42).Numerous trys ha ve now tell that patterns for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (for example, Bandura & McDonald, 1963 Bandura & Mischel, 1965). If principles of language usage, rather than guileless words can be sh deliver to be acquired through empiric learning, consequently(prenominal) this would provide at least a partial tone account of the movement of language acquisition.The classic investigate in this area was conducted by Bandura and Harris (1966). They were interested whether second-grade children could mold up sentences that included prepositional phrases and the passive voice. The children were well-tried first during a base rate rate of flow and then again after some form of intervening training.The results demonstrated that the children showed a greater increase in the production of the germane(predicate) reflexion in their sentences (than did the control group) if they were exposed to a combination of (1) an adult models product ion of sentence3s with and without the relevant composeion (2) reward to both the model and the observer for sentences containing the relevant invention and (3) attention-focusing instructions.This study clearly suggested that childrens language productions might be modified through role model in conjunction with other procedures. It is likely, however, that the children in Bandura and Harris experiment had been exposed to prepositional phrases and the passive voice m all times in their lives prior to entering the data-based situation. Therefore, the question still remained as to whether children could actually acquire new or novel language rules as a function of observation.Indeed, language is essential and in event, traditionally, psychological accounts of language development have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (Miller & Dollard, 1941 Skinner, 1957). Skinner, for example, believes that la nguage is learned, in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual establishment (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity.This is a fair bureau of the interrelationship between perception, perception, reason and language, for numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (Bandura & McDonald, 1963) If principles of language usage, rather than mere words, can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition.In the area of linguistic diversity, researches reveal that in spitefulness of enormous impact that language has on childrens schooling, lack of English skills alone cannot explain the sca nt(p) academic achievement of pupils. It is tempting to fall covering on this explanation and thus count on simple solutions to solve the problem. Cuban students, for example, have the highest educational train of all Latinos, yet they are the nigh likely to speak Spanish at home. (Valdivieso & Davis, 1988).However, the fact that students speak Spanish is treated by some(prenominal) teachers as a problem. There is also express that teachers interact much negatively with students who do not speak English than with those who do. (U.S. oecumenical Accounting Office, bilingualist Education A New Look at the look for Evidence, Washington, D.C. U.S. brass Printing Office, March 1987). Thus, this is where the emotion and perception side come in the picture. Because if this is the incident, then the language dominance of students is not the tangible douse rather, the way in which teachers and schools view their language may be even more crucial to student achievement in acquir ing knowledge.How language and language use are perceived by the schools and whether modifications in the curriculum and imparting of knowledge are do as a result are important factors to keep in mind. The fact that English speakers seldom have the opportunity to enter bilingual education programs reinforces status of these programs. This is where the methodology of knowledge is more important than the knowledge itself. fit in to Jean Piaget, what differentiates gentlemans from animals is humans ability to do symbolic rustle reasoning Piagets Theory and this forms the basis for the constructivist theory in learning and instruction Ibid.. During his experiments, he observed that children view differently from adult and answer questions differently, still it does not mean that children are dumb Ibid..Piagets theory had two major aspects the process and phases of cognitive development Ibid.. The process of learning and acquiring intelligence of children is cropd by schemas, whic h is actually the childs representation to the world. The processes use by children to attain equilibrium between their schemas and the real environment are registration and preoccupancy Ibid.. It is assimilation when a child tries to fit cubes into square holes during fermenttime. It is accommodation when a child tries to push harder a heavier play cart with classmate- passengers than a cart with no one riding.As a child grows, schemas become more complex Ibid.. The stages in cognitive development of a child are divided into three sensorimotor infancy, pre- running(a) stage (toddler and early child crown), and concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence). During infancy, a child only recognizes an fair back up when he or she sees it Giants. During toddler hood and early child hood, a child knows the direction of the veracious and left of an object, but the child cannot correctly phone relative to that object Ibid..At the concrete operational stage, a child b ecomes more logical in their understanding of the world. It is important that teachers of pre-school and primary election schools learn to dispute abilities of children Piagets Theory. Discovery learning and supporting the maturation interest of the child are two primary instructional techniques Ibid. to help children understand the world more.Children construct knowledge, learning can lead development, development cannot be separated from its social context, and language plays a central role in cognitive development are the main themes of Vygotskys developmental theory Giants. Children construct knowledge in a way that Piaget had describe it Bodrova 2005. A childs learning can be measured in a level of autarkic coifance and level of assisted surgery Ibid. The area between these measures will result to the regularize of Proximal Development (ZPD) which increases as learning occurs Ibid. twain content and processes of popular opinion is determined by the shade Ibid.. Higher functions in man such as focuse attention, deliberate memory and symbolic thought are passed down thru learn Ibid.. Learning eer involves external experience being transformed into inherent processes through the means of language Ibid.. Vygotskys principle taught that teachers should know the specific learning ask of a child and determine what most appropriate treatment could be done.The ZPD would eventually be filled-up if the learning needs were met thru proper program line enforce. One good practice was to devise an assessment questionnaire that would equally gauge independent performance and assisted performance, and from there, the ZPD can be quantitatively determined. By identifying the gap qualitatively, the learning needs of a child would be revealed. Moreover, teachers should also know how to develop a childs attention to focus, reform childs memory, to teach children think symbolically, and use a language game that children understand.Meanwhile, ones cultural and s ocial upbringing affects the way a person views this. There are no assumptions or deducing involved here. One can verify the data by just looking again at the dizzying array of program alter internals in bilingual education, each claiming to be more successful than the others. In general, most research has found that bilingual programs of all kinds are effective not only in teaching students content area knowledge in their native language but also in teaching them English. This has been proven time and again to be the case in research analyses and specific program reviews (Hakuta, 1990).According to Hakuta, the most significant effect of bilingual education may not be that it promotes bilingualism in general, which he claims it does not, but rather that it gives some measure of prescribed public status to the political struggle of language minorities, primarily Hispanics. He suggests that raising the status of these childrens native languages contributes to their opportunities for friendships with English-speaking children.Similarly, Erik Erikson as psychoanalyst taught that any person, child or adult faces specific career crisis that they have to resolve in order to perform their tasks (Atkinson 1993). During early childhood or preschool, a child develops an ability to initiate activities (Ibid. 118) teachers have to learn how to raise or discourage them in order that the child would not feel inadequate.During middle child hood or elementary, children learns various skills such as reading and writing, but they have to interact socially with others in order to feel successful or competent, differently they would feel inferior. During this time, a teacher should constantly but reasonably praise a child for a job well done. The LOGO programming used with young children was believed to be supported by Eriksons theory on the psychosocial stages (Gillespie and Beisser, 2001, p. 230).LOGO is a estimator programming language developed by Dr. Seymour Papert in 1 980s that is loaded with MicroWorlds software. With the MicroWorlds, a child creates his own animated graphics thru self-directed activity and severally explores cause and effect. Giving children ample time to lead with LOGO programming, building and constructing encourages children to work without making them feel guilty which makes smooth the transition of a child in his guilty-prone period (Ibid. p. 234). The same activities enable a child also to acquire mastery of the game in order to feel competent.REFERENCESAtkinson, R.L., Richard C. Atkinson, Edward E. Smith and Daryl J. Bem (1993). portal to psychological science 11th ed.. United States Harcourt Brace CollegePublishers.Bandura, A. & McDonald F.J. (1963). The influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping childrens moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and loving Psychology. 67, 274-281.Bodrova, Elena (2005). Vygotskys Developmental Theory An Introduction. In DavidsonFilms Homepage. Retrieved Oct. 2 9, 2006, fromhttp//www.davidsonfilms.com/develope.htmChomsky, N. retrospect of B.F. Skinners Verbal Behavior (1959).Language, 35, 26-58.Gillespie, C., Beisser, W. (2001). developmentally AppropriateLOGO Computer Programming with offspring Children. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006,http//www.aace.org/dl/files/ITCE/ITCE2001-229.pdfHakuta, K. (1990). bilingualism and Bilingual Education A Research Perspective, no. 1Washington, DC National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, Spring.Miller, N.E. & Dollard, J. Social learning and imitation. New Haven Yale UniversityPress, 1941.Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development. In Educational Psychology InteractiveHomepage. Retrieved October 29, 2006, fromhttp//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html.Skinner, B. F. Verbal behavior. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.U.S. General Accounting Office (1987). Bilingual Education A New Look at the ResearchEvidence, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office.Valdivieso, R. and Davis, C. (19 88). U.S. Hispanics Challenging Issues for the 1990sWashington D.D. cosmos Trends and Public Policy. Language development in childrenAll the other ways of knowing are controlled by language. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individuals place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a persons ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations.The manner in which children learn to understand and successfully communicate through language is among the most important questions studied by psychologists. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individuals place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and m ay virtually eliminate a persons ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations.Traditionally, psychological accounts of language development have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (e.g. Miller and Dollard, 1941 Skinner, 1957). Skinner for example, believes that language is learned in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity. In contrast, some psycholinguists (e.g. Chomsky, 1959 Fodor, 1966) have cogently argued that operant learning theory cannot adequately account for complex verbal behavior. Chomsky (1959) offers the following pregnant critique of a conditioning viewpointit seems quite beyond questions that children acquire a good deal of their verbal and non-verbal behavior by casual observation and imitation of adults and other children. It is simply not true that children can learn language only through meticulous care on the part of adults who shape their verbal repertoire through careful differential reinforcement, though it may be that such care is often the custom in academic families.It is a common observation that a young child of immigrant parents may learn a second language in the streets, from other children, with amazing rapidity, and that his speech may be completely fluent and correct to the last allophone A child may pick up a large part of his vocabulary and feel for sentence structure from television, from reading, from listening to adults, etc. Even a very young child who has not yet acquired a minimal repertoire from which to form new utterances may imitate a word quite well on an early try, with no attempt on the part of his parents to teach it to him (p. 42).Numerous exper iments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (for example, Bandura & McDonald, 1963 Bandura & Mischel, 1965). If principles of language usage, rather than mere words can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition.The classic experiment in this area was conducted by Bandura and Harris (1966). They were interested whether second-grade children could make up sentences that included prepositional phrases and the passive voice. The children were tested first during a base rate period and then again after some form of intervening training.The results demonstrated that the children showed a greater increment in the production of the relevant construction in their sentences (than did the control group) if they were exposed to a combination of (1) an adult models production of sentence3s with and without the relev ant construction (2) reward to both the model and the observer for sentences containing the relevant construction and (3) attention-focusing instructions.This study clearly suggested that childrens language productions might be modified through modeling in conjunction with other procedures. It is likely, however, that the children in Bandura and Harris experiment had been exposed to prepositional phrases and the passive voice many times in their lives prior to entering the experimental situation. Therefore, the question still remained as to whether children could actually acquire new or novel language rules as a function of observation.Indeed, language is important and in fact, traditionally, psychological accounts of language development have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (Miller & Dollard, 1941 Skinner, 1957). Skinner, for example, believes that language is learned, in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity.This is a fair representation of the interrelationship between perception, emotion, reason and language, for numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (Bandura & McDonald, 1963) If principles of language usage, rather than mere words, can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition.In the area of linguistic diversity, researches reveal that in spite of enormous impact that language has on childrens schooling, lack of English skills alone cannot explain the poor academic achievement of students. It is tempting to fall b ack on this explanation and thus count on simple solutions to solve the problem. Cuban students, for example, have the highest educational level of all Latinos, yet they are the most likely to speak Spanish at home. (Valdivieso & Davis, 1988).However, the fact that students speak Spanish is treated by many teachers as a problem. There is also evidence that teachers interact more negatively with students who do not speak English than with those who do. (U.S. General Accounting Office, Bilingual Education A New Look at the Research Evidence, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1987). Thus, this is where the emotion and perception side come in the picture. Because if this is the case, then the language dominance of students is not the real issue rather, the way in which teachers and schools view their language may be even more crucial to student achievement in acquiring knowledge.How language and language use are perceived by the schools and whether modifications in the curriculum and imparting of knowledge are made as a result are important factors to keep in mind. The fact that English speakers rarely have the opportunity to enter bilingual education programs reinforces status of these programs. This is where the methodology of knowledge is more important than the knowledge itself.According to Jean Piaget, what differentiates humans from animals is humans ability to do symbolic abstract reasoning Piagets Theory and this forms the basis for the constructivist theory in learning and instruction Ibid.. During his experiments, he observed that children think differently from adult and answer questions differently, but it does not mean that children are dumb Ibid..Piagets theory had two major aspects the process and stages of cognitive development Ibid.. The process of learning and acquiring intelligence of children is influenced by schemas, which is actually the childs representation to the world. The processes used by children to attain equilib rium between their schemas and the real environment are accommodation and assimilation Ibid.. It is assimilation when a child tries to fit cubes into square holes during playtime. It is accommodation when a child tries to push harder a heavier play cart with classmate- passengers than a cart with no one riding.As a child grows, schemas become more complex Ibid.. The stages in cognitive development of a child are divided into three sensorimotor infancy, pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood), and concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence). During infancy, a child only recognizes an object when he or she sees it Giants. During toddler hood and early child hood, a child knows the direction of the right and left of an object, but the child cannot correctly think relative to that object Ibid..At the concrete operational stage, a child becomes more logical in their understanding of the world. It is important that teachers of pre-school and primary schools l earn to challenge abilities of children Piagets Theory. Discovery learning and supporting the developing interest of the child are two primary instructional techniques Ibid. to help children understand the world more.Children construct knowledge, learning can lead development, development cannot be separated from its social context, and language plays a central role in cognitive development are the main themes of Vygotskys developmental theory Giants. Children construct knowledge in a way that Piaget had described it Bodrova 2005. A childs learning can be measured in a level of independent performance and level of assisted performance Ibid. The area between these measures will result to the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which increases as learning occurs Ibid.Both content and processes of thought is determined by the culture Ibid.. Higher functions in man such as focused attention, deliberate memory and symbolic thought are passed down thru teaching Ibid.. Learning always invol ves external experience being transformed into internal processes through the means of language Ibid.. Vygotskys principle taught that teachers should know the specific learning needs of a child and determine what most appropriate intervention could be done.The ZPD would eventually be filled-up if the learning needs were met thru proper teaching practice. One good practice was to devise an assessment questionnaire that would equally gauge independent performance and assisted performance, and from there, the ZPD can be quantitatively determined. By identifying the gap qualitatively, the learning needs of a child would be revealed. Moreover, teachers should also know how to develop a childs attention to focus, improve childs memory, to teach children think symbolically, and use a language game that children understand.Meanwhile, ones cultural and social upbringing affects the way a person views this. There are no assumptions or deducing involved here. One can verify the information by just looking again at the dizzying array of program alternatives in bilingual education, each claiming to be more successful than the others. In general, most research has found that bilingual programs of all kinds are effective not only in teaching students content area knowledge in their native language but also in teaching them English. This has been proven time and again to be the case in research analyses and specific program reviews (Hakuta, 1990).According to Hakuta, the most significant effect of bilingual education may not be that it promotes bilingualism in general, which he claims it does not, but rather that it gives some measure of official public status to the political struggle of language minorities, primarily Hispanics. He suggests that raising the status of these childrens native languages contributes to their opportunities for friendships with English-speaking children.Similarly, Erik Erikson as psychoanalyst taught that any person, child or adult faces specific life crisis that they have to resolve in order to perform their tasks (Atkinson 1993). During early childhood or preschool, a child develops an ability to initiate activities (Ibid. 118) teachers have to learn how to encourage or discourage them in order that the child would not feel inadequate.During middle child hood or elementary, children learns various skills such as reading and writing, but they have to interact socially with others in order to feel successful or competent, otherwise they would feel inferior. During this time, a teacher should constantly but reasonably praise a child for a job well done. The LOGO programming used with young children was believed to be supported by Eriksons theory on the psychosocial stages (Gillespie and Beisser, 2001, p. 230).LOGO is a computer programming language developed by Dr. Seymour Papert in 1980s that is loaded with MicroWorlds software. With the MicroWorlds, a child creates his own animated graphics thru self-directed activity and i ndependently explores cause and effect. Giving children ample time to spend with LOGO programming, building and constructing encourages children to work without making them feel guilty which makes smooth the transition of a child in his guilty-prone period (Ibid. p. 234). The same activities enable a child also to acquire mastery of the game in order to feel competent.REFERENCESAtkinson, R.L., Richard C. Atkinson, Edward E. Smith and Daryl J. Bem (1993).Introduction to Psychology 11th ed.. United States Harcourt Brace CollegePublishers.Bandura, A. & McDonald F.J. (1963). The influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping childrens moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 67, 274-281.Bodrova, Elena (2005). Vygotskys Developmental Theory An Introduction. In DavidsonFilms Homepage. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006, fromhttp//www.davidsonfilms.com/develope.htmChomsky, N. Review of B.F. Skinners Verbal Behavior (1959).Language, 35, 26-58.Gillespie, C., Beisser, W. (2001). Developmentally AppropriateLOGO Computer Programming with Young Children. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006,http//www.aace.org/dl/files/ITCE/ITCE2001-229.pdfHakuta, K. (1990). Bilingualism and Bilingual Education A Research Perspective, no. 1Washington, DC National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, Spring.Miller, N.E. & Dollard, J. Social learning and imitation. New Haven Yale UniversityPress, 1941.Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development. In Educational Psychology InteractiveHomepage. Retrieved October 29, 2006, fromhttp//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html.Skinner, B. F. Verbal behavior. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.U.S. General Accounting Office (1987). Bilingual Education A New Look at the ResearchEvidence, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office.Valdivieso, R. and Davis, C. (1988). U.S. Hispanics Challenging Issues for the 1990sWashington D.D. Population Trends and Public Policy.